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Theory 2 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

_______________________ is a type of blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of atherosclerosis

A

Coronary artery disease

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2
Q

________________________ is the major cause of CAD. The disease starts as soft deposits of fat that harden with age

A

Atherosclerosis

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3
Q

_________________ is sustained elevation of systemic arterial BP

A

Hypertension (HTN)

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4
Q

Hypertension is defined as a systolic
blood pressure (SBP) equal to or greater than ____ mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) equal to or greater than ___ mmHg.

A
  1. 140 mmHg
  2. 90 mmHg
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5
Q

_______________ (cardiac specific) are contractile proteins that are released after MI

A

Troponin

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6
Q

_______________ is a type of X-ray used to check blood vessels.

Blood vessels do not show clearly on a normal X-ray, so a special dye called a contrast agent needs to be injected into your blood first.

A

Angiography

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7
Q

______________ is a procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease.

It restores blood flow to the heart muscle without open-heart surgery.

A

Angioplasty

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8
Q

_______________ is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat (irregular)

A

Arrythmia

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9
Q

___________________ is surgery to treat coronary artery disease.

It helps blood make a detour, or bypass, around one or more narrowed or blocked coronary arteries

A

Bypass surgery

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10
Q

_______________________ is a procedure in which a catheter is moved through a blood vessel to the heart in order to better diagnose heart conditions.

A

Cardiac catheterization

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11
Q

_____ is a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body

A

Graft

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12
Q

_________________ (high cholesterol) is a common problem with fats building up in your arteries

A

Hyperlipidemia

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13
Q

_____________ is a condition where you have too much fluid volume in your body

A

Hypervolemia AKA fluid overload

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14
Q

An _______________ is a complete or partial blockage of a blood vessel

A

occlusion

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15
Q

________________ are sensations that the heart is racing, pounding, fluttering or skipping a beat,

A

Palpitations

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16
Q

Pitting edema is commonly caused by ___________________ or _______________?

A
  1. poor circulation
  2. The retention of excess fluids
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17
Q

________ is a sudden involuntary muscular contraction or convulsive movement.

A

Spasm

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18
Q

_________________ occurs when the aortic valve narrows and blood cannot flow normally

A

Aortic stenosis

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19
Q

A _____ is a small mesh tube typically used to hold open passages in the body, such as weak or narrowed blood vessels.

They are often used to treat narrowing in the coronary arteries, which provide the heart with oxygen-rich blood

A

Stent

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20
Q

A blood clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel or in the heart when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together is known as a ____________?

A

Thrombus

21
Q

_______________ uses medications or a minimally invasive procedure to break up blood clots and prevent new clots from forming

A

Thrombolysis (AKA fibrinolytic therapy)

22
Q

_____________ injury and ______________
play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis.

A
  1. Endothelial
  2. Inflammation
23
Q

________ are a group of medicines that can help lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood

A

Statins

24
Q

Hypertension causes ___________ & loss of ___________ of arterial vessel walls causes the heart to pump against greater resistance.

Eventually blood flow to vital organs decreases

A
  1. thickening
  2. elasticity
25
Q

Diagnosis of HTN made when confirmed by at least __ subsequent readings

A

2

26
Q

Hypertension priority interventions include?

A
  • Health promotion -> Lifestyle changes
  • Medication
27
Q

_________ is a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Angina

28
Q

Angina is a temporary imbalance between ___________ supply & demand

A

Oxygen

29
Q

Factors Precipitating Angina (4):

A

◦ Physical exertion
◦ Temperature extremes
◦ Consumption of a heavy meal
◦ Strong emotions

30
Q

Angina chest pain duration: ______ min

A

3-5 min

31
Q

What is a priority task for angina?

A
  • Pain management
32
Q

Stable angina is relieved from _____?

A

Rest

33
Q

How is angina triggered?

A

Physical or emotional exertion

34
Q

What is MONA?

A

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin

35
Q

What does nitroglycerin do (2)?

A

Vasodilates and decreases blood pressure as a by product

36
Q

What happens if troponin levels are high?

A

High levels of troponin in your blood indicate that your heart muscle has been damaged

37
Q

Chest pain that is new in onset, occurs at rest, or has a worsening pattern is known to be ________________?

A

Unstable angina

38
Q

Does temperature extremes and eating a heavy meal impact stable angina?

A

Yes!

39
Q

A ________________________ occurs as a result of sustained ischemia, causing irreversible myocardial cell death

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

40
Q

_________________ is an abnormal condition involving impaired cardiac pumping/filling

A

Heart failure

41
Q

In heart failure, the heart is unable to produce an adequate ___________________to meet metabolic needs

A

cardiac output (CO)

42
Q

In heart failure, blood flow out of the heart slows causing blood __________ to the heart through the veins backs up, causing ___________ in the tissues

A
  1. return
  2. congestion
43
Q

When the heart cannot eject sufficient amounts of blood, and blood backs up in the venous system is a symptom of left or right sided heart failure?

A

Right sided

44
Q

_____________ and ____________ are the primary risk factors for HF.

A

CAD and hypertension

45
Q

When the heart cannot pump blood effectively to the systemic circulation.
Pulmonary venous pressures increase,
resulting in pulmonary congestion.
Is this left or right sided heart failure?

A

Left sided

46
Q

In acute heart failure (pulmonary edema), pressure increases in the pulmonary vasculature, (heart and lungs) causing fluid to move out of the pulmonary ____________ and into the ____________ space of the lungs and alveoli

A
  1. capillaries
  2. interstitial

This results in hypoxemia

47
Q

______________ is when oxygen levels in the blood are lower than normal

A

Hypoxemia

48
Q

Should fluid and sodium diet restriction occur with heart failure?

A

Yes

Theory 2 (13 decks)

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