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Theory 2 > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

Ortho

1
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the deterioration of cartilage.

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2
Q

What is the most common chronic condition of the joints?

A

Osteoarthritis (OA).

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3
Q

At what age does osteoarthritis typically onset?

A

In the 30s, peaking in the 50s to 60s.

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4
Q

What percentage of people aged 75 and older have evidence of OA?

A

85%.

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5
Q

What are the primary joints affected by osteoarthritis?

A

Weight-bearing joints such as the hips, knees, hands, and spine.

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6
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary osteoarthritis?

A

Primary OA has no prior related event, while secondary OA follows a previous joint injury or inflammatory disease.

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7
Q

What are common risk factors for developing osteoarthritis?

A

Older age, gender, obesity, previous joint injuries, and genetic factors.

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8
Q

What is the typical duration of stiffness in osteoarthritis?

A

Usually lasts 30 minutes or less.

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9
Q

What is crepitus in the context of osteoarthritis?

A

A grating sensation or sound in the joint during movement.

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10
Q

What type of pain is associated with osteoarthritis?

A

Pain can range from mild discomfort to significant disability.

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11
Q

What diagnostic studies are used for osteoarthritis?

A

Bone scans, CT, MRI, radiological studies, and synovial fluid analysis.

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12
Q

What is the goal of nursing management for osteoarthritis?

A

To maintain or improve joint function and manage pain.

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13
Q

What pharmacological treatments are commonly used for osteoarthritis?

A

NSAIDs, salicylates, topical analgesics, and corticosteroids.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of joint protection measures in osteoarthritis management?

A

To improve activity tolerance and prevent further joint damage.

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15
Q

What is the role of community education in osteoarthritis prevention?

A

To focus on altering modifiable risk factors.

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16
Q

What type of disease is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

A chronic, systemic autoimmune disease.

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17
Q

At what age does rheumatoid arthritis typically peak?

A

Between 30 and 50 years of age.

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18
Q

How many Canadians are estimated to be affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Approximately 300,000.

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19
Q

Which gender is more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis?

A

women.

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20
Q

What are common systemic symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Fever, weight loss, fatigue, and anemia.

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21
Q

What joints are primarily affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Small joints first, then larger joints.

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22
Q

What is a classic sign of rheumatoid arthritis during a physical examination?

A

Spongy or boggy tissue upon palpation of joints.

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23
Q

What is the significance of rheumatoid nodules?

A

They are associated with advanced, destructive rheumatoid arthritis.

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24
Q

What laboratory tests are used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Positive RF, ANA titres, anti-citrullinated protein antibody, and synovial fluid analysis.

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25
Q

What is the primary goal of interprofessional care for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

To control symptoms and slow joint destruction.

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26
Q

What medications are commonly used in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and antirheumatic agents like Methotrexate.

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27
Q

What dietary recommendations are suggested for rheumatoid arthritis patients?

A

A balanced diet with anti-inflammatory foods like fish, berries, and leafy greens.

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28
Q

What is the role of occupational therapy in rheumatoid arthritis management?

A

To assist with range of motion, joint protection, and muscle strengthening.

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29
Q

What are the nursing diagnoses associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Acute/chronic pain, fatigue, impaired physical mobility, and disturbed sleep patterns.

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30
Q

What is the importance of patient education in managing rheumatoid arthritis?

A

To promote symptom recognition and adherence to treatment plans.

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31
Q

What is osteoporosis often referred to as?

A

The “silent disease.”

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32
Q

What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?

A

The rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation.

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33
Q

What percentage of women and men in Canada are affected by osteoporosis?

A

1 in 4 women and 1 in 8 men.

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34
Q

What is a common consequence of osteoporosis?

A

Fragility fractures.

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35
Q

What diagnostic tool is recommended for assessing bone mineral density?

A

DEXA scan.

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36
Q

What is the recommended daily calcium intake for adults over 50?

A

800 to 2000 IU of vitamin D.

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37
Q

What lifestyle changes can help manage osteoporosis?

A

Weight-bearing exercises, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and fall reduction strategies.

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38
Q

What are common medications used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates, calcitonin, and selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs).

39
Q

What is the FRAX tool used for?

A

To assess fracture risk in individuals.

40
Q

What are the signs of a vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis?

A

Height loss and back pain.

41
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A disruption in the continuity of bone.

42
Q

What are the two main classifications of fractures?

A

Complete and incomplete fractures.

43
Q

What is the difference between a closed and an open fracture?

A

Closed fractures do not break the skin, while open fractures do.

44
Q

What are common complications associated with fractures?

A

Infection, blood vessel damage, and compartment syndrome.

45
Q

What is the primary goal of fracture treatment?

A

Anatomical realignment of bone fragments.

46
Q

What is the purpose of traction in fracture management?

A

To immobilize the joint and reduce muscle spasms.

47
Q

What is the initial treatment for a suspected fracture?

A

Ensure airway, breathing, and circulation, control bleeding, and immobilize the fracture.

48
Q

What are the signs of compartment syndrome?

A

Deep throbbing pain, pallor, paresthesia, and weak pulses.

49
Q

What is the role of external fixation in fracture management?

A

To hold fracture fragments in place when casting is not appropriate.

50
Q

What is the importance of nutrition in fracture healing?

A

Adequate protein, vitamins, and minerals are essential for recovery.

51
Q

What is the impact of arthritis on quality of life?

A

It can significantly impair functional status and daily activities.

52
Q

What are common non-pharmacological strategies for managing arthritis pain?

A

Physical therapy, exercise, and heat/cold therapy.

53
Q

What is the role of corticosteroids in arthritis management?

A

To reduce inflammation and manage pain through intra-articular injections.

54
Q

What is the significance of early diagnosis in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Early treatment can control symptoms and slow joint destruction.

55
Q

What lifestyle factors can contribute to the development of osteoarthritis?

A

Obesity, strenuous activities, and previous joint injuries.

56
Q

What is the primary focus of nursing management for patients with arthritis?

A

Pain management and maintaining joint function.

57
Q

What is the role of synovial fluid in joints?

A

It lubricates the joint and reduces friction.

58
Q

How does obesity affect osteoarthritis?

A

Extra weight puts additional stress on weight-bearing joints.

59
Q

What is the purpose of joint splints in osteoarthritis management?

A

To protect joints and improve activity tolerance.

60
Q

What are the common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Joint pain, swelling, warmth, and stiffness.

61
Q

What is the significance of patient and caregiver education in arthritis management?

A

It empowers them to manage symptoms and adhere to treatment plans.

62
Q

What is the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the immune system?

A

It causes the immune system to attack the synovial tissue.

63
Q

What are the common surgical interventions for severe osteoarthritis?

A

Osteotomy and arthroplasty (joint replacement).

64
Q

What is the role of physical therapy in managing arthritis?

A

To improve mobility, strength, and joint function.

65
Q

How can patients with arthritis manage their symptoms at home?

A

Through exercise, weight management, and using assistive devices.

66
Q

What is the importance of regular follow-up for arthritis patients?

A

To monitor disease progression and adjust treatment as needed.

67
Q

What is the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease?

A

RA increases the risk of cardiovascular disease due to systemic inflammation.

68
Q

What are the common side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Gastrointestinal issues, kidney problems, and increased bleeding risk.

69
Q

What is the purpose of a bone density test?

A

To assess the strength and density of bones to diagnose osteoporosis.

70
Q

How does rheumatoid arthritis differ from osteoarthritis?

A

RA is an autoimmune disease affecting the entire body, while OA is a degenerative joint disease.

71
Q

What is the significance of maintaining a healthy weight for arthritis patients?

A

It reduces stress on joints and can alleviate symptoms.

72
Q

What are the common signs of a fracture?

A

Pain, swelling, deformity, and inability to use the affected limb.

73
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in bone health?

A

It aids in calcium absorption and bone mineralization.

74
Q

What are the potential complications of untreated osteoporosis?

A

Increased risk of fractures and significant height loss.

75
Q

What is the purpose of using assistive devices for arthritis patients?

A

To enhance mobility and reduce strain on affected joints.

76
Q

How can heat and cold therapy benefit arthritis patients?

A

Heat can relax muscles, while cold can reduce inflammation and numb pain.

77
Q

What is the role of community support in managing arthritis?

A

It provides resources, education, and emotional support for patients.

78
Q

What lifestyle modifications can help prevent osteoporosis?

A

Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol.

79
Q

What is the impact of arthritis on mental health?

A

It can lead to depression and anxiety due to chronic pain and disability.

80
Q

What are the common types of fractures?

A

Transverse, oblique, spiral, and comminuted fractures.

81
Q

What is the importance of hydration in fracture recovery?

A

It supports overall health and aids in the healing process.

82
Q

How can patients with arthritis manage fatigue?

A

Through balanced activity, rest, and stress management techniques.

83
Q

What is the significance of early intervention in osteoarthritis?

A

It can slow disease progression and improve quality of life.

84
Q

What are the common surgical options for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Synovectomy and joint replacement surgeries.

85
Q

How does physical activity benefit arthritis patients?

A

It improves joint function, reduces stiffness, and enhances overall well-being

86
Q

What is the role of family support in managing chronic arthritis?

A

It provides emotional and practical assistance in daily activities.

87
Q

What are the signs of an acute exacerbation in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Increased joint pain, swelling, and stiffness.

88
Q

What is the purpose of joint injections in arthritis treatment?

A

To deliver anti-inflammatory medication directly to the affected joint.

89
Q

What are the common barriers to effective arthritis management?

A

Lack of education, access to care, and financial constraints.

90
Q

How can technology assist arthritis patients?

A

Through apps for tracking symptoms, medication reminders, and telehealth services

91
Q

What are the long-term effects of untreated rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Joint damage, disability, and increased risk of comorbidities

92
Q

What is the significance of regular physical exams for arthritis patients?

A

To monitor disease progression and adjust treatment plans accordingly.

93
Q

What is the overall goal of arthritis management?

A

To reduce pain, maintain function, and improve quality of life.

Theory 2 (13 decks)

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