Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theory 2 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

Renal failure

1
Q

What is AKI?

A

Acute kidney injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is acute kidney injury (AKI) reversible with early treatment?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What condition results in decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and oliguria?

A

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is CKD?

A

Chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ESRD?

A

End stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What disease is progressive, permanent, irreversible damage to kidneys leading to failure of both kidneys?

A

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a condition in which you have too much nitrogen, creatinine and other waste products in your blood?

A

Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What secondary condition occurs after CKD that causes excessive nitrogenous waste products in your blood?

A

Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What disease requires dialysis or kidney transplant for survival?

A

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ARF?

A

Acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is ARF the same as AKI?

A

Yes, AKI is a newer term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are (3) types of AKI?

A
  • Intrinsic (damage to structures within the kidney)
  • Prerenal (marked decrease in renal blood flow)
    -Postrenal (blockage of urine outflow from the kidney)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the causes of prerenal AKI? (6)

A
  • Cardiac issues,
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Massive bleeding
  • Hypovolemia
  • Burns
  • Dehydration with excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does prerenal AKI occur?

A

From renal artery to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of AKI causes damage to nephron?

A

Intrarenal AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of KDI causes damage to inside structures of the kidney?

A

Prerenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of AKI causes a decreased ability to filter blood, remove
waste & excessive H20, maintain electrolyte levels?

A

Intrarenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is intrarenal AKI caused by? (2)

A
  • Nephrotoxic drugs: NSAIDS,
    antibiotics, chemo drugs, contrast dyes, infections (e.g., glomerulonephritis)
  • Kidney injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of AKI has a blockage in urinary tract after the kidney?

A

Postrenal AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of AKI can extend to the urethra that prevents urine from draining out of the system?

A

Postrenal AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In a postrenal AKI, does the blockage in the urinary tract happen before or after the kidneys?

A

After

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Postrenal AKI leads to an increase of what?

A

Increase pressure in kidney & waster & this decreases kidney function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Kidney stones are AKA?

A

Renal calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the causes of postrenal AKI?

A
  • Renal calculi (kidney stones) can be in
    ureter/bladder/urethra
  • Enlarged prostate (can squeeze urethra causing backflow)
  • neuro injury e.g. Stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are diagnostics for AKI?

A
  • Urine output; ACCO of urine
  • US, CT or MRI of abdomen/kidneys
  • KUB-old term, X-Ray
  • Retrograde pyelogram
  • Renal biopsy
  • Urinalysis, specific gravity, osmolality
  • Urine GFR
  • CBC, Electrolytes, BUN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

KUB stands for?

A

Kidney, ureter, and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the type of medical imaging procedure that is used to examine the kidneys, ureters, and bladder that involves inserting a catheter?

A

Retrograde pyelogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A high BUN level may indicate what about the kidneys?

A

The kidneys are not functioning properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood urea nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Does a higher or lower GFR indicate impaired kidney function?

A

Low GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In the initiation phase of clinical manifestations of AKI, what (3) things happen?

A
  • BUN and CR increase
  • Decreased urinary output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many mL or urine is seen in the maintenance phase of AKI per day?

A

Less than 400 mL per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In clinical manifestations in the recovery phase, what phase can be seen in pt with AKI?

A

Diuretic phase - can take weeks to 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are (7) ways to prevent AKI?

A
  • Monitor I/O - provide adequate hydration
  • Monitor lab values
  • Prevent and treat shock with blood and fluid replacement
  • Treat hypotension promptly
  • Prevent and treat infections promptly
  • Proper indwelling catheter care - remove ASAP
  • Monitor toxic drugs - pre/post levels (antibiotics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are (2) goals in treatment of AKI?

A
  • To restore chemical balance
  • Prevent complications until healing occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are (5) nursing assessments that need to be done for AKI?

A
  • Monitor VS
  • I/O (ACCO of urine), daily weights, may need IV fluids, dopamine, & diuretics
  • Integumentary and any bruises
  • Peripheral edema
  • Check neck vein distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are some nursing diagnoses for AKI? Name a few

A
  • Excess fluid volume
  • Risk of infection
  • Imbalance nutrition: less than body
    requirements
  • Disturbed thought process
  • Fatigue
  • Anxiety
  • Potential complication: dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are (8) nursing interventions for AKI?

A
  • Strict intake and output, daily weights (edema)
  • Monitor electrolytes, hyperkalemia symptoms
  • Nutritional therapy
  • Bedrest
  • Promote pulmonary function (DB&C; turn q2h)
  • Prevent infection
  • Provide skin care
  • Provide psychosocial support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are signs of hyperkalemia? (5)

A
  • malaise
  • anorexia
  • paresthesia
  • muscle weakness
  • ECG changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is included in nutritional therapy for AKI?

A
  • replace protein
  • high carbohydrate
  • restricted potassium, phosphorous,
    and sodium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What occasionally results from rapid progression of AKI?

A

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

To be considered CKD, what percentage of kidney function is lost?

A

90-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In CKD, does GFR increase or decrease?

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many stages of CKD/ESRD are there?

A

5 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At what stage does ESRD occur?

A

Stage 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

For stage 1 CKD, how low is the GFR mL/min?

A

More than 90 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

For stage 2 CKD, how low is the GFR mL/min?

A

60-89 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

For stage 3 CKD, how low is the GFR mL/min?

A

30-59 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

For stage 4 CKD, how low is the GFR mL/min?

A

15-29 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

For stage 5 CKD, how low is the GFR mL/min?

A

Under 15ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What (2) things are needed at stage 5 CKD?

A

Needs regular dialysis and kidney transplant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What stage of CKD has kidney damage with normal renal function?

A

Stage 1

54
Q

What are the risk factors of CKD? (9) Name a few

A
  • Diabetes (# 1 cause)
  • Hypertension, vascular disease
  • Toxic substances-such as?
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis
  • Pyelonephritis/infections
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Family history
  • Socio-economic status
55
Q

What is the #1 cause of CKD?

A

Diabetes

56
Q

What are (5) diagnostic test for CKD?

A
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Blood tests
  • Radiologic studies
  • Renal biopsy
  • Urinalysis
57
Q

What are (3) electrolyte complications of CKD?

A

Imbalances with hyperkalemia, calcium and phosphorous

58
Q

For CKD is the treatment curative or supportive?

A

Supportive

59
Q

What hematologic complication be caused by CKD?

A

Anemia

60
Q

How is anemia managed for CKD? (3)

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • Iron supplements
  • Vitamin B12
61
Q

What is given for pts with hyperkalemia from CKD? (4)

A

Kayexalate, retention enema, IV glucose and insulin

62
Q

What does the medication Kayexalate used for?

A

Used to treat high levels of potassium in the blood by helping the body get rid of it through the stool

63
Q

What is a condition that means too much phosphate in the blood?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

hai-per-fos-fa-TEE-mee-uh

64
Q

How is hyperphosphatemia treated?

A

Aluminum hydroxide (TUMS)

65
Q

What are some key nursing concerns for CKD? (6) name a few

A

*Monitor for complications
*Monitor and treat fluid and
electrolyte imbalances
*Monitor response to treatment
*Physical support
*Emotional support
*Education

66
Q

What are (3) things the nurse is assessing for in CKD?

A

*Complete history of any existing renal disease, family history
*Long-term health problems
*Dietary habits

67
Q

What are nursing diagnoses for CKD? Name a few (6)

A
  • Excess fluid volume
  • Potential for electrolyte imbalance
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Decreased functional ability
  • Deficient knowledge
  • Grieving
68
Q

For excess fluid volume from CKD, what is the nurse monitoring? (5)

A
  • Monitor BP
  • Edema
  • Dyspnea (SOB)
  • Monitor daily wt
  • I&O
69
Q

In excess fluid volume from CKD, should fluid be restricted with pt?

A

Yes

70
Q

What are some principles and restrictions of the renal diet? (5)

A
  • High calories, carbohydrates
  • Limit protein to 1g/kg/day.
  • Phosphate restriction less than 1000mg/day
  • Limit sodium to 2 to 4 g/day
  • Potassium restriction to 2 to 4 g/day
71
Q

For CKD, why should we select high quality proteins?

A
  • It minimizes phosphorus and potassium
  • It is better protein utilization
72
Q

Which vegetables have high potassium? (3)

A
  • Avocado
  • Spinach
  • Sweet potatoes
73
Q

What (3) fruits have high potassium?

A
  • Bananas
  • Tomatoes
  • Citrus fruit
74
Q

What medical treatment removes excess fluid, excess electrolytes and waste products when the body is unable to?

A

Dialysis

75
Q

Dialysis is life-long unless?

A

You get a kidney transplant

76
Q

What are (3) type of dialysis?

A
  • Hemodialysis
  • Peritoneal dialysis
  • CRRT
77
Q

What type of dialysis uses a machine and a special filter to clean the blood outside the body?

A

Hemodialysis

78
Q

What type of dialysis uses the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) to filter the blood inside the body?

A

Peritoneal dialysis

79
Q

What does CCRT stand for?

A

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

80
Q

What type of dialysis is a continuous process that runs slowly over 24 hours?

A

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CCRT)

81
Q

What is dialysis used for?

A

To correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and remove waste products in renal failure

82
Q

Is dialysis used for drug overdoses?

A

Yes

83
Q

What are (3) principles of dialysis?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Ultrafiltration
84
Q

What is the the special fluid used in dialysis?

A

Dialysate

85
Q

What are (3) treatment options for renal failure?

A
  • Hemodialysis
  • Peritoneal dialysis
  • (CRRT), done in critical care
86
Q

How long is hemodialysis?

A

3-4 hours

87
Q

What type of dialysis requires AV line?

A

Hemodialysis

88
Q

Which type of dialysis can be done overnight with a machine?

A

Peritoneal dialysis

89
Q

How many times per day for peritoneal dialysis?

A

4-6 times/day

90
Q

Is CRRT slow or fast infusing?

A

Slow dialysis

91
Q

What type of dialysis may have a
fistula or catheter?

A

Hemodialysis

92
Q

How many days per week for hemodialysis?

A

3-4 times day

93
Q

What are (5) complications of hemodialysis?

A

*Hypotension
*DDS (Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome )
*Muscle Cramps
*Loss of Blood
*Sepsis

94
Q

What is DDS?

A

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome

95
Q

In peritoneal dialysis, the catheter is clamped, and the solution “dwells” for how many hours before being unclamped and drained?

A

1-4hrs

96
Q

Peritoneal dialysis is used for what (2) kinds of clients?

A
  • Stable clients
  • Those who cannot tolerate HD
97
Q

What type of dialysis can be performed independently at home?

A

Peritoneal dialysis

98
Q

Is automated or continuous-ambulatory peritoneal dialysis done in the day time?

A

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

99
Q

What are complications of peritoneal dialysis? (9) Name a few

A
  • Peritonitis
  • Outflow Problems
  • Bleeding
  • Abdominal pain
  • Hernias
  • Lower back problems
  • Pulmonary complications
  • Protein loss
  • Carbohydrate and lipid abnormalities
100
Q

What is an infection of the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity) called?

A

Peritonitis

101
Q

What is CAPD?

A

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

102
Q

When using peritoneal dialysis, what medications should the nurse avoid?

A

Medications containing potassium and
magnesium

103
Q

What condition occurs when waste products and toxins build up in the blood because the kidneys are no longer functioning properly?

A

Uremia

104
Q

What type meds must be taken for life if a pt receives a kidney transplant?

A

Anti-rejections

105
Q

When is transplant rejection most common?

A

during the first year after transplant

106
Q

hyperacute transplant rejection is within how many hours?

A

within 24hrs

107
Q

acute transplant rejection is within how many days?

A

3-14 days

108
Q

Chronic transplant rejection is within how long?

A

Years

109
Q

If the body rejects the transplanted kidney, what will be the client’s next step?

A

the client will need to resume dialysis

110
Q

What are signs and symptoms of transplant rejection?

A
  • Oliguria
  • Edema
  • Fever
  • Increasing BP
  • Weight gain
  • Swelling or tenderness over transplant site
111
Q

Transplant rejection can be detected by what (2) things?

A

Ultrasound and renal biopsy

112
Q

Nephrolithiasis is AKA?

A

Kidney stones, renal calculi

113
Q

What are the (5) major categories of renal stones?

A

(a) calcium phosphate (most common of all renal stones are calcium)
(b) calcium oxalate
(c) uric acid
(d) cystine
(e) struvite

114
Q

What is most common renal stone?

A

Calcium phosphate

115
Q

What are the (2) manifestations of renal stones?

A

Pain and hematuria

116
Q

How are renal stones diagnosed? (4)

A
  • Urine culture
  • Ultrasound
  • Cystoscopy
  • Stone analysis:
    strain all urine and save stones
117
Q

What is a medical procedure in which a doctor uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra?

A

Cystoscopy

118
Q

What is a non-invasive treatment used to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces using shock waves?

A

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

119
Q

What is ESWL?

A

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

120
Q

What is a surgical procedure used to remove large kidney stones. The doctor makes a small cut in your back and inserts a tube into the kidney.

A

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

121
Q

What is PCNL?

A

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

122
Q

Nursing diagnoses for renal stones? (3)

A
  • Acute pain r/t irritation of stone
  • Inadequate urinary elimination
  • Inadequate knowledge
123
Q

What dietary teaching would you give to someone with renal stones?

A

Restrict protein, sodium and calcium

124
Q

How many L per day for someone with kidney stones?

A

3L

125
Q

What is Post-op DB&C?

A

Postoperative Douche, Bladder and Catheter Care

126
Q

What is a post op condition where the intestines stop moving properly, causing a blockage in the digestive system?

A

Paralytic ileus

127
Q

Can the nurse preform leg exercises post-op?

A

Yes

128
Q

What kind of tube is inserted directly into the kidney?

A

Nephrostomy tube

129
Q

Is a nephrostomy tube used for internal or for external drainage of urine?

A

External drainage

130
Q

What are (3) things you should never do to a nephrostomy tube?

A

Never clamped, irrigated, or kinked

131
Q

Should the nurse push fluids for client with a nephrostomy tube?

A

Yes, if no renal or heart concerns

132
Q

What are (2) serious kidney-related conditions linked to contrast dyes?

A
  • Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)
  • Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF).

Theory 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions