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Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 types of festivals existed among the Hittites?

A
  1. Regularly occurring festivals (ezen)
  2. Emergency situation festivals (siskur) (very magic heavy)
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2
Q

In Hittite religion, what kind of animals were reserved for sacrificial offerings to chthonic deities?

A
  • Black Animals
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3
Q

What animals were used for sacrifices to non-chthonic deities in Hittite religion?

A
  • White animals
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4
Q

What had to be done with Hittite votive offerings in order to be gifted to a god?

A
  • The object had to be fully and wholly destroyed
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5
Q

What were the 5 types of Hittite offerings?

A
  1. Attraction offerings
  2. Bloodless offerings
  3. Animal sacrifice
  4. Burnt offerings
  5. “Drinking the god” (scholars uncertain of what this means)

Acronym: BBAAD

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6
Q

True or False: Hittites sacrificed dogs, swines and horses routinely as offerings to the gods.

A

FALSE

They only sacrificed dogs, swines and horses for special ceremonies, such as offerings to Chthonic deities or to the dead.

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7
Q

Which 2 civilizations were known to sometimes (albeit rarely) sacrifice puppies?

A
  • Hittites and Greeks
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8
Q

The Greeks only sacrificed puppies in ceremonies honouring which deity?

A

Hecetaeus, goddess of witchcraft

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9
Q

Hittite sacrifices were super similar to which civilization’s sacrifices?

A

The Greeks

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10
Q

What are some similarities between Greek and Hittite sacrifices?

A
  • Animal’s head had to be shaved before sacrifice
  • Cutting the throat of the animal
  • Priest gets to keep the hide
  • Internal organs are roasted for the god’s consumption
  • Blood was splashed
  • Meat was given in a stew for all participants to feast on
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11
Q

Why was music often present in animal sacrifices?

A
  • To cover up the nearby sounds of every day neighbourhood bustle, as well as the sacrificial animals screams
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12
Q

Define Bothroi:

A
  • Bothrois were square or circular pits at Greek sanctuaries and temples in which votive offerings were stored
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13
Q

What animals did the Greeks usually sacrifice?

A
  • Cattle
  • Sheep
  • Pigs
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14
Q

True or False: Some Greek gods had aversions or preferences for what kind of animal was sacrificed for them.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What is the Roman notion of Votum?

A
  • A Roman Votum is a prayer in which Romans declare they will do something for a god ONLY if the god helps them with something specific first

(ex. if you restore my eyesight, THEN I will sacrifice an animal for you)

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16
Q

What was the main agenda of Zoroastrianism?

A
  • To rehabilitate creation through promoting the good and eliminating the bad
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17
Q

What was a unique way of offering to the gods in Zoroastrianism?

A
  • Burning sandalwood in a fire (the purified fire)
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18
Q

What does the purified fire represent in Zoroastrianism?

A
  • The Cosmic order disrupted by the forces of evil
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19
Q

True or False: Zoroastrians used mantras as offerings to the gods at yasna ceremonies.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What were the 2 types of communication with a god?

A
  • Praxis (the action of performing a ritual)
  • Logos (Speaking that accompanies the action of the ritual)
21
Q

What is Heka?

A
  • The Egyptian notion of the power that maintains the world and humankind
22
Q

True or False: Curses were frequently used in Ancient Egypt.

A

FALSE

They were rarely used

23
Q

What are the Asipu?

A

-Mesopotamian exorcist priests who would visit the homes of the terminally ill to determine if they were close to death or not

24
Q

What is a Suilla?

A
  • A type of prayer in Mesopotamia
25
What are the 3 steps of a Mesopotamian Suilla prayer?
1. Address the god by its full name 2. Lament your struggles 3. Promise to pay the deity back if they help you
26
What are incantations?
- Prayers to ward away evil
27
Contrary to most other civilization's curse practices, Egyptian curses were ___________
secular
28
There are over _____ Ancient Israelite prayers attested to in the Bible.
100
29
Zoroastrians typically prayed up to ___ times a day.
5
30
What are Bullae?
- A little magical necklace worn by boys to protect them from evil spirits until they reach citizen age -An Etruscan tradition, later adopted by the Romans
31
Who were famous for using lead curse tablets?
- The Etruscans
32
What is the difference between a hymn and a prayer?
- A hymn has music accompanying it - A prayer does not
33
The Christian Lord's Prayer originated in the ___ century __.
1st Century AD
34
True or False: It was illegal to curse in the Roman Empire.
TRUE - Punishment was death - The magicians themselves would be burnt alive
35
Where are curse tablets most often found?
In Tombs (to protect the tomb)
36
What was the Kispu?
- Mesopotamian funerary cults in which one would give a frequent offering of bread and water to a deceased loved one's shrine
37
What happened if one did NOT give food and water to a deceased loved one's shrine in Mesopotamia?
- The deceased loved one would become a vengeful ghost
38
Why did ancestor cults typically only honour recent ancestors?
- Because most people only knew their ancestors, max 3 generations back - Only Aristocrats knew their heritage long back because this is often what made them aristocrats in the first place (ex. trace back to a god or legendary figure)
39
What are Teraphims?
- Little clay praying figures in ancient Israel
40
Explain the Zeus-Ktesios ritual:
- A jar was filled with Ambrosia (grain, olive oil and water), decorated with wool garlands
41
What was seen as the food of the gods in Ancient Greece?
Ambrosia (water, grain, olive oil)
42
What was Zeus of the property known as?
Zeus-Ktesios
43
What was the name of the girls' festival held annually at the Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron?
Arkteia
44
What is the legendary meaning behind the site of the Brauron sanctuary?
- Where Aggamemnon's daughter, Iphigenea left the statue of Artemis while fleeing the Taurians
45
What is the Roman word for gods of the household?
Penates
46
What is the difference between a Roman Lares and a Penates?
- Lares are GUARDIANS of the household - Penates are just gods of the household
47
What are Imagos/Imagines?
Family ancestral death masks and facial portraits around the house in ancient Rome
48
What was the name of the Roman festival to please ancestral gods?
Parentalia (aka Feralia)
49
Who in Rome often had Imagines in their living rooms?
The Elite (Why? Only the elite knew who their ancestors were)

Ancient Religions (8 decks)

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