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Ancient Religions > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Early Iranian worship owes much to _________.

A

India

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2
Q

Early Iranian worship can be characterized by its emphasis on __________.

A

Sacrificial worship to the gods (Yasna)

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3
Q

What are early Iranian and Zoroastrian priests called?

A

Magi

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4
Q

What god was the creator of the universe in Zoroastrianism>

A

Ahura Mazda

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5
Q

Who was the first Zoroastrian prophet?

A

Zoroaster

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6
Q

Which Persian king first adopted Zoroastrianism?

A

Cyrus the Great

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7
Q

In what year did Cyrus adopt Zoroastrianism?

A

535 BC

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8
Q

Zoroastrianism is characterized by the struggle between ________ and ________.

A

Ahura Mazda (good)

Ahriman (evil)

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9
Q

In the natural world, Ahriman was thought to be the incarnation of __________.

A

Reptiles and Insects

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9
Q

Who did the Magi declare war against?

A

All reptiles and insects

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10
Q

What king wipes out the Magi?

A

Darius

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11
Q

True or False:

Zoroastrianism is technically a monotheistic religion.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Israel was part of the Syro-Canaanite sphere until the ____ millennium BC.

A

2nd Millennium BC

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13
Q

What prophet did many early Christians worship along with Moses?

A

Yeshua

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14
Q

Which Roman-Jew begins the divergence from Judaism?

A

Paul

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15
Q

How did Paul spread the message of early Christianity around the Roman Empire?

A
  • He visited cities in person, but sent letters to those he couldn’t attend
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16
Q

Who was the first Heretic of Christianity?

A

Marcion of Pontus

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17
Q

Why was Marcion of Pontus deemed heretical?

A
  • Because he wanted to sever his god to that of the Jews
  • To do so he wanted to create an abbreviated Bible ONLY composed of Paul’s letters and some of Luke
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18
Q

Etymologically, what does the word heresy mean?

A

Hereisis: A choice (almost a back handed compliment)

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19
Q

What were the Apologetics?

A
  • Ways of explaining Christianity to other Romans
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20
Q

What were the 3 first heretical movements?

A

Montanists, Gnostics, Arians

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21
Q

What edict legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

A

Edict of Milan, 313 AD

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22
Q

Which council made official the Nicene Creed?

A

The Ecumenical Council of Nicea 325 BC

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23
Q

What was the Nicene Creed?

A
  • The first universal statement of Christian doctrine
  • Partially aimed at refuting the heresy of Arius, who believed that Jesus was created by God
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24
Q

What were the 2 Hittite ethnic groups?

A
  • Hatti (central Anatolia)
  • Hurrians
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25
Q

There are over _____ deities in the Hittite pantheon.

A

600 +

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26
Q

Why were snakes often seen as immortal?

A
  • Because they shed skin
  • They slither low to the ground (and thus, closer than humans to the underworld)
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27
Q

What was the role of the Hittite king in terms of religion?

A
  • Hittite king was head priest of all the kingdom’s cults
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27
Q

What was the Hittite capital city?

A

Hattusa

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28
Q

What occurred when a Hittite king died?

A
  • King would become a god who dwelt in the netherworld through which the sun passed each night on its way to replace the moon
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29
Q

Hittite temples were often:

A

Storehouses for surplus agricultural stock

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30
Q

True or False: We have NO deciphered texts from the Minoans.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

True or False: The Mycenaeans had sanctuary bench rooms in their palaces.

A

TRUE

32
Q

What are some notable Greek gods that the Mycenaeans first worshipped?

A
  • Zeus
  • Poseidon
  • Dyonisos
33
Q

True or False: Greek religion was never fully homogenized (made uniform).

A

TRUE

34
Q

True or False: Each Greek city state had their own distinct religious calendars that often varied.

A

TRUE

35
Q

Which ancient Greek city state has the only evidence for state religion?

A

Athens

(Mixture of hereditary and elected priesthoods by lot)

36
Q

Were foreign cults welcomed in Greece?

A

YES. Example: Isis at Eleusis

37
Q

In which ancient civilization was skepticism and doubt on religious matters permitted?

A

Greece

38
Q

What is the Pax Deorum?

A
  • Roman term defining peace and a good standing relationship with the gods.
39
Q

What were common means of communication with the gods in Rome?

A
  • Divination
  • Omens
  • Prayer
  • Prophecy
  • Sacrifice
40
Q

True or False: Good Roman Emperors could be deified.

A

TRUE

41
Q

Opting out of state religion is only an option in Rome from the ___ century onward.

A

2nd century AD

42
Q

True or False: Rome permitted no foreign cults.

A

FALSE

  • There were plenty of highly popular foreign cults, such as that of Isis and Mithra.
43
Q

Etruscan religion was seen as a fusion of _______ and _______ religions.

A

Roman and Greek

44
Q

Which civilization notably considered books to be repositories of divine power and knowledge?

A

The Etruscans

45
Q

What did Roman writers often say about Etruscans and their religion?

A

Romans look for results from signs, Etruscans look for signs as precipitators of events.

46
Q

Who is the supreme Etruscan god?

A

Tinia

47
Q

Who is the Etruscan ferryman of the dead?

A

Charun (often depicted with rotting flesh and a hammer)

48
Q

What were the 2 main periods of Ancient Egypt?

A
  • Classical (3000-300 BC)
  • Late (300 BC-600 AD)
49
Q

Why was Egyptian religion so stable?

A

Geographic isolation

50
Q

What is Ma’at?

A
  • Truth
  • Identifiable by a female deity with a feather on her head
51
Q

What is Isfet?

A
  • Lies
  • Darkness and Chaos
  • Identifiable by a dog headed man named Seth
52
Q

What was the purpose of ancient Egyptian religion?

A
  • To maintain a connection with non-immanent gods to aid in their struggle alongside Ma’at
53
Q

True or False: Egyptian gods were never considered to be living amongst humans on earth.

A

TRUE

54
Q

Who was the head Egyptian deity?

A

Ra

55
Q

Who was the Egyptian creator god?

A

Ra

56
Q

True or False: Each Egyptian city had its own patron/favourite god, distinct from others.

A

TRUE

But they all still acknowledged Ra as the creator god.

57
Q

What was the worst act one could commit in Ancient Egypt?

A
  • Harming or killing a cat
  • People who hurt cats were put to death
58
Q

What underworld Egyptian god is portrayed with green, rotting flesh?

A

Osirus

59
Q

Which god did the Pharaoh Akhenaten want to instate monotheism with?

A

Aten (sun god)

60
Q

Who restored the full Egyptian pantheon after Akhenaten?

A

Tutankhamen

61
Q

What was the Egyptian concept of Ba?

A

Ba was the inner soul

62
Q

Why were people mummified in Ancient Egypt?

A

To keep in their Ba (inner soul)

63
Q

What was the main belief of Hermeticism?

A
  • Gods are not physical beings, but life-forces (think the Force from Star Wars)
64
Q

What did the Romans do to profit from Egyptian religion?

A
  • They harnessed Egyptian sanctuaries to optimize their tax revenues
    (ex. fancier tomb decorations, new oracle cults, etc.)
65
Q

Official Roman patronage of Egyptian sanctuaries ended in the _______ century __.

A

3rd Century AD

66
Q

What is our main written manual source on ancient Egyptian religion?

A

The Book of the Temple

67
Q

What things did the Book of the Temple discuss?

A
  • Architecture, priesthood, and bodily expectations for priests.
68
Q

What physical attribute characterized Egyptian priests?

A

A shaved head

69
Q

Who was the highest ranking priest in most Egyptian temples?

A

Overseer of the Prophets

(assured rituals were conducted properly)

70
Q

What were some of the purity standards expected of Egyptian priests?

A
  • Shaved heads
  • Avoiding prohibited foods (i.e. fish)
  • Washing
  • No circumcision
  • White linen clothing
71
Q

In which civilizations were priests held to an expectation of righteous moral behaviour?

A
  • Israel
  • Mesopotamia
  • Egypt
72
Q

In _____________ and ____________ priests were given a salary.

A
  • Syria-Canaan and Greece
73
Q

Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian priests were generally given _________________ in return for their efforts.

A

Real Estate

74
Q

What were Varro’s 3 levels of Religious interaction?

A
  1. Cosmic (presence of the gods in nature)
  2. Cultic (activities that the god looks over) (ex. Mars looks after war)
  3. Mythic (Stories and myths about the gods)
75
Q

What is Henotheism?

A
  • You consider one god to be your favourite, but still acknowledge a separate supreme god
  • Ex. kind of like patron saints in Christianity
76
Q

What is Evolutionary Monotheism?

A
  • A society progressing from polytheism to monotheism
77
Q

What is Revolutionary Monotheism?

A
  • A monotheistic society that does NOT evolve from a polytheism
  • Usually from one person of power who imposes monotheism
78
Q

What is the name for the Egyptian notion of Truth, Harmony and Order, often depicted as a female deity with feathers on her head?

A

Ma’at

Ancient Religions (8 decks)

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