week 4

Question 1

GINA

Answer 1

Protections might ease concerns when participating in genetic testing

Protection versus genetic information to discriminate in health insurance, and employment

Prevents employers from using genetic information about employees against them

Question 2

does GINA apply to life insurance or TRICARE?

Answer 2

No, doesn’t protect against certain groups or apply to sectors outside of employment

Question 3

genetics

Answer 3

Study of heredity and transformation of characteristics across generations

Question 4

Genome

Answer 4

total genetic makeup of organisms, including non-coding regions of DNA

Question 5

genotype

Answer 5

Molecular structure of organism Expressed by production of proteins

Question 6

phenotype

Answer 6

Observable presentation of DNA

Question 7

epigenomics

Answer 7

Study of molecular signals that tell the genome how to behave and their relationships to health

Question 8

Exposomics

Answer 8

Study of how all exposures alter in organisms health

Question 9

Exposome

Answer 9

General external environment – urban, climate

Specific external environment - diet, tobacco, directly impact individual

Internal environment – gut, inflammation

Question 10

complex disease phenotype

Answer 10

Occurs from genetic susceptibility exposures of environment and epigenetic modifications

Question 11

Epi-genetics

Answer 11

Nongenetic influences on gene expression

Causes genes to be dormant or expressed

Question 12

DNA methylation

Answer 12

methyl molecule serves as transcription

Phenotype varies between unmethylated/methylated even though genotype remains the same

Most genetic markers are inherited from mother

Question 13

Life course theory

Answer 13

Body of theoretical models that attempt to explain how life context shapes health behavior and development

Experiences + exposure = trajectory of health development

Question 14

Barker hypothesis

Answer 14

Adverse fetal life, context leads to increased risk of additional disease

Low birthweight or preterm birth leads to increased risk of CVD, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, renal failure, asthma, an autoimmune disease

Question 15

Stress

Answer 15

bodies response to changing factors within self or environment

Question 16

allostasis

Answer 16

Bodies adaptation to predictable and unpredictable changes to environment

Question 17

allostatic load

Answer 17

Cost of chronic exposure or fluctuating endocrine or neural responses from chronic repeated challenges experienced as stress

Question 18

adverse child effects

Answer 18

Traumatic experience in persons life less than 18 years old, but still remembers as an adult

Question 19

epidemiology

Answer 19

Study of distribution, frequency, and determinants of health and disease in human populations, to understand causation

Question 20

objectives of epidemiology

Answer 20

Population – who
Determinants of health – what makes them susceptible?
Distribution – where
Frequency – when
Disease causation – why
Application – how to control or prevent

Question 21

epidemiological triangle

Answer 21

Agent
Environment
Host
Double sided arrows affecting each factor

Disease occurs when agent is present in a susceptible host under environmental conditions favorable to the development of disease

Question 22

agent

Answer 22

Factor causing disease, ability to injure a host

Infectivity, pathogen, toxigenicity

Question 23

Host

Answer 23

Living species, capable of being infected, or affected by the agent

Exposure, susceptibility

Question 24

vector

Answer 24

Animal that transmits a disease
example - malaria

Question 25

environment

Answer 25

External setting that allows agent to survive and multiply

Question 26

what is the web of causation used to study?

Answer 26

Chronic diseases due to multiple concepts

Question 27

which model works well with communicable or infectious diseases?

Answer 27

Epidemiological triangle

Question 28

how to calculate rate

Answer 28

Number of occurrences of disease /
Total population affected

x1000

Question 29

how to calculate incidence

Answer 29

Number of NEW cases of condition /
Total population affected

x 1000

Question 30

How to calculate prevalence

Answer 30

Number of CURRENT cases of condition/
Total population affected

x 1000

Question 31

How to calculate risks

Answer 31

Number of people experiencing event/
Number of all people at risk for experiencing event

% or proportion

Question 32

How to calculate Odds

Answer 32

Number of people experience event/
Number of people who do not experience event

Zero to infinity or proportion

Question 33

years of potential life lost

Answer 33

Age adjusted measure of premature mortality

Death, less than 75 years old

Question 34

reliability

Answer 34

Exact result every time
Measuring procedure yields consistent results

Question 35

validity

Answer 35

Degree of measuring procedure, accurately, assessing the specific concept

Measuring what’s desired

Question 36

sensitivity

Answer 36

Ability of a test to correctly identify those WITH the disease
True positive

Question 37

specificity

Answer 37

Ability of a test to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease
True negative

Question 38

Primary prevention

Answer 38

Occupational health role
Prevent exposure to potential hazards, individual worker assessments, health programs

Question 39

Secondary prevention

Answer 39

Aimed at early diagnosis, early treatment, interventions
Identify who is at risk
Periodic assessments to document health changes

Question 40

Tertiary prevention

Answer 40

Rehab and restoration to an optimal level of functioning
Case management, counseling, support

Question 41

complex disease phenotype pathway

Answer 41

risk factor
exposure/exposome
mutation/epigenetic modification
expression of disease