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ZZZ-Patho 2 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

develops if the supply of coronary blood cannot meet the demand of the myocardium for oxygen and nutrients.

A

myocardial ishmeia

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2
Q

most common cause of myocardial ishmeia

A

atherlosclerosis

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3
Q

chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia.

A

Angina pectoris

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4
Q

substernal chest discomfort, ranging from a sensation of heaviness or pressure to moderately severe pain

A

angina pectoris

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5
Q

Pain may radiate to the neck, lower jaw, left arm, and left shoulder
-Pallor, diaphoresis, and dyspnea
- relieved by rest and nitrates;

A

angina pectoris

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6
Q

-gradual luminal narrowing and hardening of the arterial walls
-associated with physical exertion or emotional stress.

A

stable angina

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7
Q

-transient ischemia of the myocardium that occurs unpredictably and almost exclusively at rest.

A

Prinzmetal angina (also called variant angina)

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8
Q

when does variant angina occur

A

at rest and randomly

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9
Q

Management of Reversible Ischemia

A

-increase delivery of oxygen
-omprove coronary artery blood flow and to -reduce myocardial oxygen consumption.

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10
Q

Myocardial Ischemia treamtnet

A
  1. Nitrates (nitroglycerin)-
  2. Beta Blockers-
  3. Calcium channel clockers (CCBs)
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11
Q

improve coronary blood flow and reduce myocardial demand by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance

A
  1. Nitrates (nitroglycerin)-
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12
Q

diminish catecholamine induced elevations of heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure

A
  1. Beta Blockers-
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13
Q

decrease the influx of calcium into myocardial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells
-modify SA and AV nodes

A

calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

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14
Q

procedure whereby stenotic (narrowed) coronary vessels are dilated with a catheter

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

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15
Q

atherosclerotic plaque has ruptured, and infarction may soon follow.

A

unstable angina

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16
Q

-occludes the vessel for no more than 10 to 20 minutes
-new onset angina, angina that is occurring at rest, or angina that is increasing in severity or frequency.

A

unstable angina

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17
Q

Unstable angina is precurssor
Infarction happens if last more than 20 mins

A

Unstable angina is precurssor
Infarction happens if last more than 20 mins

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18
Q

Subendocardial myocardial infarction

A

involves only one layer of the heart
the mysocradium

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19
Q

Transmural MI

A

-effects all 3 layers of heart
Transmural infarction usually causes marked elevations in the ST segments on ECG.
-immediate intervention

20
Q

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for about ___–minutes before cellular death takes place.

A

20

21
Q

when ischemic injury is exacerbated once blood flow is restored

A

Reperfusion Injury
-involves the release of toxic oxygen radicals, calcium flux, and pH changes
-mitochonrdia death

22
Q

first symptom of acute MI is

A

usually sudden, severe chest pain

23
Q

heavy and crushing, such as an“elephant sitting on my chest.
-radiate to the neck, jaw, back, shoulder, or left arm.

A

myocardial infarction

24
Q

most commonly occluded artery and most associated with death after MI

A

left anterior descending artery (LAD)

25
Q

most specific indicator of MI and should be obtained on admission to the emergency department

A

Cardiac troponin I

26
Q

cTnI elevation is detectable

A

-2 to 4 hours after onset of symptoms
-reaches peak at 48 hours

27
Q

heart is unable to generate an adequate cardiac output such that there is inadequate perfusion of tissues or increased diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle, or both.

A

heart failure

28
Q

risk factors for heart failure

A

Ischemic heart disease and hypertension

29
Q

which side of heart failure is most common

A

L sided

30
Q

an ejection fraction of <40% and an inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output to perfuse vital tissues.

A

systolic heart failrue

31
Q

_____- are the result of pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation

A

HFrEF
Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction

32
Q

cardinal signs of CHF

A

dyspnea
fatigue
edema
pulmonary edema hypotension or hypertension
S3 gallop
underlying CAD or hypertension

33
Q

drugs for left sided heart failure

A

ACE inhibitors and beta blockers
-Salt restriction, loop diuretics, and aldosterone-blockers such as spironolactone and eplerenone are effective in reducing preload and improving outcomes.

34
Q

________- ventricular failure causes fluid to back up in the veins of the systemic circulation.

A

Right

35
Q

R sided heart failure sxs

A

-Pitting edema in the ankles, feet, or lower back
-Hepatomegaly / hepatic tenderness
-jugular vein distention

36
Q

Sinus Bradycardia

A

-less than 60 BPM
-regular rhythm
-fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, exercise intolerance, syncope or presyncope, worsening of anginal symptoms, worsening of heart failure, or cognitive slowing

37
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

->100 bpm
-regular rhythm
-dyspnea, chest pain, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, and presyncope.

38
Q

Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)

A

-heartbeat is initiated by the Purkinje fibers rather than the SA node.
-PVC occurs before a regular heartbeat, there is a pause before the next regular heartbeat
-begign and don’t need tx

39
Q

most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia

A

Atrial Fibrillation

40
Q

loss of atrial contraction and the rapidity and irregularity of the ventricular rate

A

Atrial Fibrillation

41
Q

pulse rate >300 and on EKG usually no observable PR interval and QRS rate variable and rhythm irregula

A

Atrial fibrillation

42
Q

Arrhythmias originating from the ventricular myocardium or His-Purkinje system are grouped under ventricular arrhythmia (VA)

A

ventricular fibrillation

43
Q

ventricular rate of usually greater than 300 with discrete QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram (ECG).

A

ventricular fibrillation

44
Q

extremely dangerous rhythm significantly compromising cardiac output and ultimately leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD).

A

VF

45
Q

attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, the toes

A

Raynaud’s

46
Q

-pallor, numbness, and the sensation of cold in the digits
-billateral
-gin at the tips of the digits and progress to the proximal phalanges

A

Raynaud’s

ZZZ-Patho 2 (8 decks)

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