Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZZZ-Patho 2 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most common form of valvular heart disease in the United States

A

degenerative valve disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease in the Western world after hypertension and coronary artery disease
-degenerative calcification of a trileaflet valve with restriction of leaflet opening over time

A

Aortic stenosis (AS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aortic stenosis (AS) risk factors

A

similar to those for the development of vascular atherosclerosis, include diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the most common cause of severe aortic valve regurgitation (AR) worldwide.

A

Rheumatic heart disease (from strep throat or scarlet fever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aortic valve regurgitation (AR) sxs

A

-Left ventricular dysfunction
-heart failure
-dyspnea on exertion
-orthopnea (SOB lying down)
-paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

-hanges in the mitral leaflet tissue with superior displacement of one or both leaflets into the left atrium.
-mitral regurgitation (MR), bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and even sudden death.
-mid-to-late systolic click frequently associated with a high-pitched, late systolic murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

measurement of the force exerted against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood to your body.

A

blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Approximately % of cases of hypertension have no known cause and therefore are diagnosed as primary hypertension

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HTN BP

A

140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Risk Factors for Hypertension

A

(1) family history
(2) advancing age
(3) gender (men younger than 55 and women older than 70 years)
(4) black race
(5) high dietary sodium intake
(6) glucose intolerance (diabetes mellitus)
(7) cigarette smoking
(8) obesity
(9) heavy alcohol consumption
(10) low dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium - without their intake, sodium is retained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Increased vascular volume is related to a decrease in renal excretion of salt, often referred to as a shift in the

A

pressure-natriuresis relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Overactivity of the ________ contributes to salt and water retention and increased vascular resistance.

A

RAAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________ is associated with end-organ effects of hypertension, including atherosclerosis, renal disease, and cardiac hypertrophy.

A

Angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sodium excretion in the urine through the action of the kidneys and requires adequate potassium, calcium, and magnesium to function properly.

A

Natriuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In hypertension, increased ANP and BNP levels are linked to an increased risk for ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Salt retention leads to water retention and increased blood volume, which contributes to an increase in blood pressure

A

In hypertension, increased ANP and BNP levels are linked to an increased risk for ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Salt retention leads to water retention and increased blood volume, which contributes to an increase in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what minerals are helpful in opposing sodium for HTN

A

potassium, calcium, and magnesium

17
Q

adipokines

A

leptin and adiponectin

18
Q

Cardiovascular complications of HTN

A

atherosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (left heart failure), CAD, MI, and sudden death.

19
Q

Hypertrophy is characterized by changes in the myocyte proteins, apoptosis of myocytes, and deposition of collagen in heart muscle, which causes it to become thickened, scarred, and less able to relax during diastole leading

A

diastolic heart failure

20
Q

increased size of the heart muscle increases demand for oxygen delivery over time, contractility of the heart is impaired, and the individual is at increased risk for

A

systolic heart failure

21
Q

HTN Renal complications

A

-parenchymal damage
-nephrosclerosis
-renal arteriosclerosis
-renal insufficiency or failure
-Microalbuminuria (small amounts of protein in the urine) is an early sign

22
Q

Vascular complications HTN

A

formation, dissection, and rupture of aneurysms (outpouchings in vessel walls
-retina
-Cerebrovascular complications (transient ischemia, stroke, cerebral thrombosis, aneurysm, and hemorrhage)

23
Q

1 risk factor for stroke

A

HTN

24
Q

hypertensive emergency

A

-Acute stroke, especially intracerebral haemorrhage, is associated with severe hypertension (>180/120)
-cautiously slowly lower BP

25
Q

HTN dx

A

measurement of blood pressure on at least two separate occasions averaging two readings at least 2 minutes apart
-one reading is not enough

26
Q

HTN diet

A

DASH diet
-Increased fruit/veggie intake, especially potassium rich ones, reduction in saturated fat and incorporation of whole grains.

27
Q

Three primary types of drugs for HTN

A
  1. ACE inhibitor (or ARB)
  2. calcium channel blocker
  3. thiazide diuretic.
28
Q

-reduce blood volume
-causes Hypokalemia (i.e. - low Potassium)
-Chlorthalidone and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

A

Thiazide diuretics

29
Q
  • reduce blood volume and often used in combination with other diuretics
    -spironolactone
    -correct hypokalemia and to avoid potassium depletion
A

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

30
Q

main issue with Thiazide diuretics

A

low potassium

31
Q

-Furosemide
-Shorter duration of action than thiazide and/or potassium sparing diuretics
-dehydration, hypokalemia

A

Loop Diuretics

32
Q

Decrease myocardial contractility and heart rate by blocking the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Atenolol, Metoprolol
-“lol” ending

A

Beta Blockers

33
Q

Interferes with renin / angiotensin cascade mechanism,
inhibits production of angiotensin II and decreases total peripheral resistance
-Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril (“pril” ending)

A

ACE-Inhibitors

34
Q

side effect of ACE inhibtors

A

dry cough

35
Q

Inhibit Ca2+ influx into vascular smooth muscle, relax peripheral arteriole smooth muscle and thereby decrease total peripheral resistance.
-amlodipine, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Verapamil

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

36
Q

orthostatic hypotension definition

A

-systolic decrease of at least 20
-diastolic decrease of at least 10 mmHg
-within 3 minutes of standing up.

37
Q

Baroreceptor reflex compensatory mechanisms are not effective in maintaining a stable blood pressure in individuals with orthostatic hypotension.

A

Baroreceptor reflex compensatory mechanisms are not effective in maintaining a stable blood pressure in individuals with orthostatic hypotension.

ZZZ-Patho 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions