Week 2 Flashcards
most common form of valvular heart disease in the United States
degenerative valve disease
-most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease in the Western world after hypertension and coronary artery disease
-degenerative calcification of a trileaflet valve with restriction of leaflet opening over time
Aortic stenosis (AS)
Aortic stenosis (AS) risk factors
similar to those for the development of vascular atherosclerosis, include diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a).
the most common cause of severe aortic valve regurgitation (AR) worldwide.
Rheumatic heart disease (from strep throat or scarlet fever)
aortic valve regurgitation (AR) sxs
-Left ventricular dysfunction
-heart failure
-dyspnea on exertion
-orthopnea (SOB lying down)
-paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Mitral Valve Prolapse
-hanges in the mitral leaflet tissue with superior displacement of one or both leaflets into the left atrium.
-mitral regurgitation (MR), bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure, and even sudden death.
-mid-to-late systolic click frequently associated with a high-pitched, late systolic murmur
measurement of the force exerted against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood to your body.
blood pressure
Approximately % of cases of hypertension have no known cause and therefore are diagnosed as primary hypertension
95%
HTN BP
140/90
Risk Factors for Hypertension
(1) family history
(2) advancing age
(3) gender (men younger than 55 and women older than 70 years)
(4) black race
(5) high dietary sodium intake
(6) glucose intolerance (diabetes mellitus)
(7) cigarette smoking
(8) obesity
(9) heavy alcohol consumption
(10) low dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium - without their intake, sodium is retained.
Increased vascular volume is related to a decrease in renal excretion of salt, often referred to as a shift in the
pressure-natriuresis relationship
Overactivity of the ________ contributes to salt and water retention and increased vascular resistance.
RAAS
________ is associated with end-organ effects of hypertension, including atherosclerosis, renal disease, and cardiac hypertrophy.
Angiotensin II
sodium excretion in the urine through the action of the kidneys and requires adequate potassium, calcium, and magnesium to function properly.
Natriuresis
In hypertension, increased ANP and BNP levels are linked to an increased risk for ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Salt retention leads to water retention and increased blood volume, which contributes to an increase in blood pressure
In hypertension, increased ANP and BNP levels are linked to an increased risk for ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Salt retention leads to water retention and increased blood volume, which contributes to an increase in blood pressure
what minerals are helpful in opposing sodium for HTN
potassium, calcium, and magnesium
adipokines
leptin and adiponectin
Cardiovascular complications of HTN
atherosclerosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (left heart failure), CAD, MI, and sudden death.
Hypertrophy is characterized by changes in the myocyte proteins, apoptosis of myocytes, and deposition of collagen in heart muscle, which causes it to become thickened, scarred, and less able to relax during diastole leading
diastolic heart failure
increased size of the heart muscle increases demand for oxygen delivery over time, contractility of the heart is impaired, and the individual is at increased risk for
systolic heart failure
HTN Renal complications
-parenchymal damage
-nephrosclerosis
-renal arteriosclerosis
-renal insufficiency or failure
-Microalbuminuria (small amounts of protein in the urine) is an early sign
Vascular complications HTN
formation, dissection, and rupture of aneurysms (outpouchings in vessel walls
-retina
-Cerebrovascular complications (transient ischemia, stroke, cerebral thrombosis, aneurysm, and hemorrhage)
1 risk factor for stroke
HTN
hypertensive emergency
-Acute stroke, especially intracerebral haemorrhage, is associated with severe hypertension (>180/120)
-cautiously slowly lower BP
