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ZZZ-Patho 2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structures on the right side of the heart, or right heart, pump blood through the lungs and termed the

A

pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

The left side of the heart, or left heart, sends blood throughout the ________, which supplies
all of the body except the lungs

A

systemic circulation

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3
Q

thickest layer of the heart wall

A

myocardium

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4
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?

A

left ventricle

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5
Q

During _____________ the two AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) open and blood flows from the relatively higher pressure in the atria to the lower pressure in the relaxed ventricles.

A

ventricular relaxation

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6
Q

valves close and prevent backflow into the atria as the ventricles contract

A

ventricular contraction

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7
Q

open when intraventricular pressure exceeds aortic and pulmonary pressures and blood flows out of the ventricles and into the systemic and pulmonary circulations

A

semilunar valves of the heart (aortic and pulmonic valves)

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8
Q

blood fills the ventricles
-period of relaxation

A

distole

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9
Q

-contraction
-propels the blood out of the ventircles

A

Systole

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10
Q

The Five Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. Ventricular diastole-opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves and then ventricular filling from the atria occurs
  2. Ventricular systole begins with “isovolumetric contraction; contraction pushes AV valves shut
  3. When ventricular pressure exceeds pulmonary artery and aorta, the semilunar valves open and ventricular ejection occurs
  4. ventricular relaxation- all valves closed
  5. L ventricle pressure falls below atrial- mitral and tricuspid valves open and passive ventricular filling occurs.
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11
Q

Ventricular diastole is the same as atrial

A

systole

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12
Q

supply oxygen and other nutrients to the myocardium, heart structures are nourished by vessels of the systemic circulation, the coronary circulation

A

coronary arteries

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13
Q

which coronary artery has the greatest flow

A

right coronary artery has greater flow
-in 70% of individuals

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14
Q

The left coronary artery generally divides into two branches—

A
  1. the left anterior descending artery
  2. circumflex artery.
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15
Q

delivers blood to portions of the left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum.

A

left anterior descending artery

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16
Q

supplies blood to the left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle.

A

circumflex artery

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17
Q

travels behind the pulmonary artery, and extends around the right heart to the heart’s posterior surface, where it branches to the right atrium and ventricle.

A

R coronary artery

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18
Q

connections, or anastomoses, between branches of the same coronary artery or connections of branches of the right coronary artery with branches of the left.

A

collateral arteries
-protects the heart from ischemia

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19
Q

New collateral vessels are formed through two processes:

A
  1. arteriogenesis (new artery growth branching from pre-existing arteries)
  2. angiogenesis (growth of new capillaries within a tissue).
20
Q

SA node loaction

A

unction of the right atrium and superior vena cava, just above the tricuspid valve.

21
Q

SA node generates about 60 to 100 action potentials per minute depending on age and physical condition.

A

SA node generates about 60 to 100 action potentials per minute depending on age and physical condition.

22
Q

caused by the movement of ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, across cardiac cell membranes.

A

depolarization

23
Q

rapid sodium entry into the cell. (the inside of the cell becomes LESS negative lowering the membrane potential)

A

depolrization

24
Q

property of generating spontaneous depolarization to threshold, enables the SA and AV nodes to generate cardiac action potentials without any stimulus

A

automacity

25
Q

regular generation of an action potential by the heart’s conduction system

A

rhythmicity

26
Q

the volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or the pulmonary circuit and is expressed in liters per minut

A

cardiac output

27
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (Liters per heart beat)

28
Q

amount of blood ejected from ventricles

A

ejection fractions

29
Q

normal ejection fraction of the resting heart is

A

55% or higher.

30
Q

Angiogenesis

A

-new capillaries
branching of small vessels, such as capillaries

31
Q

Arteriogenesis

A

-new arteries
occurs by branching from larger vessels, such as arterioles.

32
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

growth of vessels from progenitor or stem-like cells that originate in the bone marrow and other body tissues.

33
Q

Factors Affecting Blood Flow

A

Pressure
Resistance
Velocity
Type of Flow
Compliance

34
Q

greater the pressure differential across a vascular bed, the greater will be the blood flow

A

greater the pressure differential across a vascular bed, the greater will be the blood flow

35
Q

Resistance

A

-opposition to blood flow
-most opposition to blood flow is a result of the diameter and length of the blood vessels
-Vasoconstriction = increase in resistance -vasodilation= decrease in resistance

36
Q

Blood viscosity

A

thick, sticky consistency of the fluid
-relationship is expressed as the hematocrit—the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of whole blood.

37
Q

Laminar flow

A

Blood flow through the vessels, except where vessels split or branch, is mainly laminar.

38
Q

Resistance increases with turbulence. Arterial areas of turbulence also are places where atherosclerotic plaques are found

A

Resistance increases with turbulence. Arterial areas of turbulence also are places where atherosclerotic plaques are found

39
Q

the increase in volume a vessel is able to accommodate for a given increase in pressure
-determines a vessel’s response to pressure.

A

vascular compliance

40
Q

Elastic arteries are more compliant than muscular arteries; the veins are more compliant than either type of artery

A

Elastic arteries are more compliant than muscular arteries; the veins are more compliant than either type of artery

41
Q

the opposite of compliance
-most common being aging and arteriosclerosis.

A

stiffness

42
Q

Arterial pressure is a function of

A
  1. cardiac output (heart rate × stroke volume)
  2. peripheral resistance
43
Q

presence of myocardial ischemia and infarction or conduction defects and dysrhythmias

A

ECG

44
Q

most effective and widely used noninvasive modality for evaluating the structures of the heart.

A

Echocardiogram

45
Q

can provide information about calcification of coronary vessels and cardiac valves.

A

CT

46
Q

anatomy and physiology of the great blood vessels and myocardium are depicted in three dimensions with excellent resolution

A

MRI

ZZZ-Patho 2 (8 decks)

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