Week 4

Question 1

What is the Corticospinal tract?

Answer 1

This tract will start in the cerebral cortex and end in the spinal cord

Question 2

What is the pyramidal tract?

Question 3

What are the upper motor neurons?

Question 4

What are the lower motor neurons?

Question 5

What happens during medullary pyramidal decussation?

Question 6

What is ischemia?

Answer 6

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

Question 7

What is infarct?

Answer 7

an area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply

Question 8

What is a hemorrhage?

Answer 8

a loss of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

Question 9

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 9

a disease in which plaques of fatty material are deposited on the inner walls of arteries

Question 10

What is the corticospinal tract composed of and what area is it located in?

Answer 10

Composed of fibers and in Brodmann’s areas 1-8

Question 11

What are the medullary pyramids composed of?

Answer 11

corticospinal fibers

Question 12

A large percent of the medullary pyramid fibers decussate at the _____ and form the _________

Answer 12

1. caudal end of the medulla
2. lateral corticospinal tract

Question 13

The remaining fibers (from the medullary pyramids) descend the _____ in the _________ and decussate further down

Answer 13

1.spinal cord
2. anterior corticospinal tract

Question 14

Where do all corticospinal tract neurons ultimately synapse?

Answer 14

in the central form of the spinal cord

Question 15

What is a destructive lesson?

Answer 15

an injury that results in damage or necrosis of tissue

Question 16

What is a irritative lesion?

Answer 16

a tissue injury that causes stimulation of the involved tissue, meaning there is a increase in firing rates of neurons

Question 17

Where can an irritative lesion be inferred from?

Answer 17

a seizure onset zone (SOZ)

Question 18

What is a seizure?

Answer 18

a seizure refers to abnormal, synchronous electrical activity in the brain leading to signs and symptoms in the form of motor (convulsions), sensory and alterations in consciousness

Question 19

What is a Jacksonian march?

Answer 19

a motor seizure that usually progresses from the hand toward the ipsilateral face

Question 20

What is Flaccid paresis?

Answer 20

a type pf paresis characterized by weakness with decreased muscle tone and decreased deep tendon reflexes

Question 21

True or False: Flaccid paresis are suggestive of a upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 21

False; of a lower motor neuron lesion

Question 22

True or False: Spastic paresis are suggestive of a lower motor neuron lesion

Answer 22

False; of an upper motor neuron lesion

Question 23

What is Spastic paresis?

Answer 23

a type paresis characterized by increased muscle tone and increased deep tendon reflexes

Question 24

What are the two types of intramural muscle fibers?

Answer 24

Bag fibers and chain fibers

Question 25

What are Golgi Tendon Organs and where are they located?

Answer 25

proprioceptive receptor organs located in tendons close to their junction with muscle fibers

Question 26

What is a Ischemic Stroke?

Answer 26

areas with lack of blood so naturally oxygen

Question 27

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 27

area of bleeding; blood spills out from break in blood vessel in brain

Question 28

What is a stroke

Answer 28

a disruption of blood supply in the brain or spinal cord leading to cell damage or death

Question 29

What is Guillian-Barre Syndrome?

Answer 29

a post-infectious immune-mediated disease directed against the axons and myelin of the PNS

Question 30

What are some risk factors of GBS?

Answer 30

being a young man (slightly increased risk) -Viral infections, such as HIV/AIDS, herpes, respiratory infections, and mononucleosis -Bacterial infections -Hodgkin disease, a malignant disease of the lymphatic system -Systemic lupus erythromatosus, an autoimmune disease of the skin and other organs -Recent surgery

Question 31

What is Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

Answer 31

typically begins with muscle weakness that starts in the lower extremities and spreads upward

Question 32

What is Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS)?

Answer 32

begins with paresis or paralysis of the extraocular muscles.

Question 33

What is cute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy?

Answer 33

cause by motor axonal degeneration with antibody-mediated attacks of motor nerves and nodes of Ranvier, and is characterized by acute paralysis and loss of reflexes without sensory loss.