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Medical Neuroscience > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Corticospinal tract?

A

This tract will start in the cerebral cortex and end in the spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the pyramidal tract?

A
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3
Q

What are the upper motor neurons?

A
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4
Q

What are the lower motor neurons?

A
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5
Q

What happens during medullary pyramidal decussation?

A
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6
Q

What is ischemia?

A

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

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7
Q

What is infarct?

A

an area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply

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8
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

a loss of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

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9
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a disease in which plaques of fatty material are deposited on the inner walls of arteries

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10
Q

What is the corticospinal tract composed of and what area is it located in?

A

Composed of fibers and in Brodmann’s areas 1-8

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11
Q

What are the medullary pyramids composed of?

A

corticospinal fibers

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12
Q

A large percent of the medullary pyramid fibers decussate at the _____ and form the _________

A
  1. caudal end of the medulla
  2. lateral corticospinal tract
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13
Q

The remaining fibers (from the medullary pyramids) descend the _____ in the _________ and decussate further down

A

1.spinal cord
2. anterior corticospinal tract

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14
Q

Where do all corticospinal tract neurons ultimately synapse?

A

in the central form of the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is a destructive lesson?

A

an injury that results in damage or necrosis of tissue

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16
Q

What is a irritative lesion?

A

a tissue injury that causes stimulation of the involved tissue, meaning there is a increase in firing rates of neurons

17
Q

Where can an irritative lesion be inferred from?

A

a seizure onset zone (SOZ)

18
Q

What is a seizure?

A

a seizure refers to abnormal, synchronous electrical activity in the brain leading to signs and symptoms in the form of motor (convulsions), sensory and alterations in consciousness

19
Q

What is a Jacksonian march?

A

a motor seizure that usually progresses from the hand toward the ipsilateral face

20
Q

What is Flaccid paresis?

A

a type pf paresis characterized by weakness with decreased muscle tone and decreased deep tendon reflexes

21
Q

True or False: Flaccid paresis are suggestive of a upper motor neuron lesion

A

False; of a lower motor neuron lesion

22
Q

True or False: Spastic paresis are suggestive of a lower motor neuron lesion

A

False; of an upper motor neuron lesion

23
Q

What is Spastic paresis?

A

a type paresis characterized by increased muscle tone and increased deep tendon reflexes

24
Q

What are the two types of intramural muscle fibers?

A

Bag fibers and chain fibers

25
Q

What are Golgi Tendon Organs and where are they located?

A

proprioceptive receptor organs located in tendons close to their junction with muscle fibers

26
Q

What is a Ischemic Stroke?

A

areas with lack of blood so naturally oxygen

27
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

area of bleeding; blood spills out from break in blood vessel in brain

28
Q

What is a stroke

A

a disruption of blood supply in the brain or spinal cord leading to cell damage or death

29
Q

What is Guillian-Barre Syndrome?

A

a post-infectious immune-mediated disease directed against the axons and myelin of the PNS

30
Q

What are some risk factors of GBS?

A

being a young man (slightly increased risk)
-Viral infections, such as HIV/AIDS, herpes, respiratory infections, and mononucleosis
-Bacterial infections
-Hodgkin disease, a malignant disease of the lymphatic system
-Systemic lupus erythromatosus, an autoimmune disease of the skin and other organs
-Recent surgery

31
Q

What is Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

A

typically begins with muscle weakness that starts in the lower extremities and spreads upward

32
Q

What is Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS)?

A

begins with paresis or paralysis of the extraocular muscles.

33
Q

What is cute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy?

A

cause by
motor axonal degeneration with antibody-mediated attacks of motor nerves and nodes of Ranvier, and is characterized by acute paralysis and loss of reflexes without sensory loss.

Medical Neuroscience (10 decks)

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