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Medical Neuroscience > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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2
Q

medial

A

toward the middle

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3
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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4
Q

anterior

A

rostral, toward the tail

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5
Q

superior

A

above

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6
Q

inferior

A

below

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7
Q

proximal

A

close

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8
Q

distal

A

far

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9
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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10
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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11
Q

horizontal

A

parallel to the ground

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12
Q

How would you describe a coronal (frontal) cut?

A

like slicing bread

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13
Q

sagittal

A

a midsagittal section separates the left and right hemispheres

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14
Q

What two parts make up the Central nervous system (CNS)?

A

brain + spinal cord

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15
Q

What floats in cerebrospinal fluid and where else can it be found?

A

CNS floats in it, within the meninges of cranial vault and spinal cord

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16
Q

What two components make up the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

all nerves + ganglia

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17
Q

What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

brings sensory signals into CNS and motor signals out

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18
Q

What is the function of the Somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary control of body movements vis skeletal muscles

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19
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous sysyem?

A

exerts involuntary control over smooth muscle and glands

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20
Q

the PNS is made up of what two nervous systems?

A

somatic and autonomic

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21
Q

SNS [blank] sensory fibers carry signals toward CNS

A

afferent (arriving)

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22
Q

SNS [blank] motor fibers carry signals away from CNS

A

efferent (exiting)

23
Q

ANS only has [blank] fibers

A

efferent

24
Q

What are the 4 sections of the neural tube

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord

25
Q

Forebrain =

A

prosencephalon

26
Q

midbrain =

A

mesencephalon

27
Q

hindbrain =

A

rhombencephalon

28
Q

what kind of functions do not require conscious control?

A

respiration, heart rate, digestion

29
Q

what nervous system is responsible for unconscious control?

A

autonomic (automatic)

30
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

31
Q

what is the logo for the sympathetic NS?

A

fight or flight

32
Q

what is the logo for the parasympathetic NS?

A

rest and digest

33
Q

the nervous system includes what types of cells?

A

neurons and glia

34
Q

True or False: Neurons are responsible for communication in the nervous system

A

true

35
Q

True or False: Glia cells are supportive cells in the nervous system and non-neuronal cells

A

true

36
Q

what is the function of the neurons?

A

(T)ransduce signals from external environment, (C)arry signals to other neurons for processing, (S)end signals out to actuate muscles and glands

37
Q

what is the function of the glia?

A

maintain homeostasis, form myelin, structural support, protection for neurons in CNS and PNS

38
Q

Neurons have basics that other cells have, including:
a) golgi apparatus
b) dendrites
c) nothing else
d) dendrites and axon

A

d) dendrites and axon

39
Q

True or False: signaling between cells happen in the nucleus

A

False - it happens at synapes

40
Q

You can also refer to an axon as a…

A

fiber(s)

41
Q

what is the function of axons?

A

to transmit signals to other neurons, muscles or glands and making contact with other cells at synapses

42
Q

what other cells are in the nervous system?

A

sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons (SIMs)

43
Q

what happens within the resting membrane potential?

A

this is when excitable cells including muscles, glands, and neurons results from the differential distribution gradient of ions, primarily Na+ and K+

44
Q

what are the three types of most common glial cells?

A

astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and microglia

45
Q

what are the four types of less understood glial cells?

A

satellite, ependymal, radial, enteric

46
Q

what is the most common neural tube defect?

A

spina bifida

47
Q

What are the three components of the meninges?

A

1) an outer dura mater
2) arachnoid mater
3) pia mater

48
Q

what are three common ways the spinal cord can be injured?

A

1)traumatic injury
2)tumor
3)bone growth

49
Q

how many weeks into gestation is ultrasounds capable of detecting most neural tube defects?

A

18-20 weeks

50
Q

what are some forms of assistive devices that may be helpful in cases of spina bifida?

A

crutches, walker, wheelchair, orthotics

51
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

when the vertebral arch doesn’t form completely

52
Q

what is meningocele?

A

a form of spina bifida where the meninges protrude through a gap in the spine.

53
Q

what is myelomeningocele?

A

where the cauda equina, dura and arachnoid mater of the meninges protrude though a gap in the spine

54
Q

what is the name of the fluid that bathes the brain?

A

CFS

Medical Neuroscience (10 decks)

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