Week 1 Flashcards
dorsal
toward the back
medial
toward the middle
lateral
toward the side
anterior
rostral, toward the tail
superior
above
inferior
below
proximal
close
distal
far
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite side
horizontal
parallel to the ground
How would you describe a coronal (frontal) cut?
like slicing bread
sagittal
a midsagittal section separates the left and right hemispheres
What two parts make up the Central nervous system (CNS)?
brain + spinal cord
What floats in cerebrospinal fluid and where else can it be found?
CNS floats in it, within the meninges of cranial vault and spinal cord
What two components make up the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
all nerves + ganglia
What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
brings sensory signals into CNS and motor signals out
What is the function of the Somatic nervous system?
voluntary control of body movements vis skeletal muscles
What is the function of the autonomic nervous sysyem?
exerts involuntary control over smooth muscle and glands
the PNS is made up of what two nervous systems?
somatic and autonomic
SNS [blank] sensory fibers carry signals toward CNS
afferent (arriving)
SNS [blank] motor fibers carry signals away from CNS
efferent (exiting)
ANS only has [blank] fibers
efferent
What are the 4 sections of the neural tube
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord
Forebrain =
prosencephalon
midbrain =
mesencephalon
hindbrain =
rhombencephalon
what kind of functions do not require conscious control?
respiration, heart rate, digestion
what nervous system is responsible for unconscious control?
autonomic (automatic)
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what is the logo for the sympathetic NS?
fight or flight
what is the logo for the parasympathetic NS?
rest and digest
the nervous system includes what types of cells?
neurons and glia
True or False: Neurons are responsible for communication in the nervous system
true
True or False: Glia cells are supportive cells in the nervous system and non-neuronal cells
true
what is the function of the neurons?
(T)ransduce signals from external environment, (C)arry signals to other neurons for processing, (S)end signals out to actuate muscles and glands
what is the function of the glia?
maintain homeostasis, form myelin, structural support, protection for neurons in CNS and PNS
Neurons have basics that other cells have, including:
a) golgi apparatus
b) dendrites
c) nothing else
d) dendrites and axon
d) dendrites and axon
True or False: signaling between cells happen in the nucleus
False - it happens at synapes
You can also refer to an axon as a…
fiber(s)
what is the function of axons?
to transmit signals to other neurons, muscles or glands and making contact with other cells at synapses
what other cells are in the nervous system?
sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons (SIMs)
what happens within the resting membrane potential?
this is when excitable cells including muscles, glands, and neurons results from the differential distribution gradient of ions, primarily Na+ and K+
what are the three types of most common glial cells?
astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and microglia
what are the four types of less understood glial cells?
satellite, ependymal, radial, enteric
what is the most common neural tube defect?
spina bifida
What are the three components of the meninges?
1) an outer dura mater
2) arachnoid mater
3) pia mater
what are three common ways the spinal cord can be injured?
1)traumatic injury
2)tumor
3)bone growth
how many weeks into gestation is ultrasounds capable of detecting most neural tube defects?
18-20 weeks
what are some forms of assistive devices that may be helpful in cases of spina bifida?
crutches, walker, wheelchair, orthotics
What is spina bifida occulta?
when the vertebral arch doesn’t form completely
what is meningocele?
a form of spina bifida where the meninges protrude through a gap in the spine.
what is myelomeningocele?
where the cauda equina, dura and arachnoid mater of the meninges protrude though a gap in the spine
what is the name of the fluid that bathes the brain?
CFS
