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Head and Neck > Week 3.1 - Osteology > Flashcards

Week 3.1 - Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the curvatures of the spine

A
  • Cervical and lumbar are secondary curvatures

- Thoracic and sacral and primary curvatures

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2
Q

State 3 distinguishing features of a typical cervical vertebrae

A
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Transverse foramen
  • Large vertebral foramen
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3
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are atypical?

A

-1, 2, 7

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4
Q

What is different about atlas?

A

-No body or spinous process (concentric ring)

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5
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of axis?

A

-Odontoid process (the dens)

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6
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of C7 which makes it atypical?

A

-Prominent spinous process which is not bifid

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7
Q

Which movement of the head does atlas permit?

A

-Yes movement

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8
Q

Which movement of the head does axis permit?

A

-No movement

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9
Q

Why are there many ligaments between the vertebrae?

A

-To strengthen

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10
Q

On an anteroposterior radiograph of the cervical spine, from which vertebrae can you see?

A

-C3

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11
Q

On an lateral radiograph of the cervical spine, from which vertebrae can you see?

A

-C1

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12
Q

Describe a burst fracture (Jefferson fracture)

A

-Between 2-4 fractures within C1 (atlas) resulting from occiput condyles being driven into C1 eg head first fall from a height/diving into shallow water

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13
Q

Describe a hangmans fracture

A
  • Bilateral fracture of C2

- Caused by hyperextension of the head on the neck -> compresses the brain stem

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14
Q

What does the skull refer to?

A

-Cranium + Mandible

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15
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

-22

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16
Q

How are most bones of the skull joined?

A

-Fibrous joint (symphysis) known as a suture

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17
Q

What is the only movable joint in the skull?

A

-TMJ

18
Q

What is the name for the major opening into the skull?

A

-Foramen magnum

19
Q

How are sutures specialised for their function?

A

-Serrated edges allows bones to firmly interlock with one another resisting force in one direction

20
Q

What gives the skull its protective function?

A
  • The bones are flat bones which means they are dense and strong
  • They are arranged in a trilaminar structure with 2 plates of compact bone and 1 middle layer of spongy bone
21
Q

What is thought to be the function of the layer of spongy bone in the skull?

A

-Reduce the weight of the cranium

22
Q

Is the cranium the same thickness all the way around?

A

-No it varies in thickness eg occiput and frontal bone are thick and pterion is thin

23
Q

How does the mandible form?

A

-Two separate bones which fuse together by a midline fibrou joint known as the mental symphysis

24
Q

What is the calvaria?

A

-Bony housing of the brain made up by 8 bones

25
Q

What are the main bones of the cranial cap?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
26
Q

Describe the sutures of the cranial cap

A

-Coronal, saggital and lamboid suture with point lines bregma and lambda

27
Q

What is the cranial fossa?

A

-The cranial floor

28
Q

How is the cranial fossa divided and state the cranial nerves associated with each part?

A
  • Anterior fossa 1
  • Middle fossa 2-6
  • Posterior fossa 7-12
29
Q

State the main bones of the cranial fossa

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Palatine plate
30
Q

What is the purpose of the foramina in the cranial fossa?

A
  • Lessen weight of skull

- Allow anatomical structures to pass in and out of cranial cavity

31
Q

Where is the frontal bone?

A
  • Anterior of skull vault

- Contributes to superior orbit

32
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone?

A

-Midline of anterior cranial fossa

33
Q

What is specialised about the ethmoid bones?

A
  • Contains cribriform plate to allow passage of olfactory nerves
  • Contains ethmoidal air cells
34
Q

Describe the sphenoid bone

Where is it located?

A
  • Butterfly shaped bone (greater and lesser wings) with central body containing sphenoid sinus
  • Median of middle cranial fossa, forms back of orbit
35
Q

Where is the parietal bone?

A

-Forms a large part of the roof and sides of cranial cavity

36
Q

Describe the temporal bone

A

-6 parts to the bone:

squamous, mastoid, tympanic, styloid process, zygomatic process, petrous part

37
Q

To which sense does the parietal bone contribute?

A

-Hearing (and balance)

38
Q

Describe the occiput

A

-4 parts arranged around foramen magnum:
Squamous (posterior)
L+R Condylar (edges of foramen)
Basilar (anterior)

39
Q

What are the differences between a neonate and adult skull?

A
  • Cranial sutures are open
  • Adjacent bones held together by thick connective tissue matrix in the bregma and lamba regiones and are known as fontanelles
40
Q

Explain how the neonate skull is specialised for full-term birth

A
  • Open sutures allow movement during partum

- Cranial bones pushed together and serrated edges temporarily interlock to protect brain

41
Q

Explain how the neonate skull can cause problems at pre-term birth

A
  • Cranial sutures too wide open

- Pressures from birthing process do not result in interlocking of sutures leaving a probability of brain damage

42
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

-7

Head and Neck (18 decks)

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