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MICROLEC > WEEK 3- THE MICROBIAL WORLD > Flashcards

WEEK 3- THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards

1
Q

the basic fundamental unit of life

A

CELLS

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2
Q

contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. __________can be single-celled or multi-celled ex are fungi, parasites and algae

A

EUKARYOTES

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3
Q

________ do not contain nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. They include two groups: bacteria and archaea.

A

PROKARYOTES

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4
Q

_____ are acellular, neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

VIRSUES

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5
Q

bacteria of interest in medicine

A

EUBACTERIA

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6
Q

what is the cell wall of a Eubacteria largely composed of?

A

carbohydrate and protein complex called- PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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7
Q

Eubacteria generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells, what is this process called?

A

BINARY FISSION

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8
Q

this is an appendage that many bacteria use to “swim”

A

FLAGELLA

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9
Q

they have no medical importance, can be found in extreme environments

A

ARCHAEA

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10
Q

What are the three classifications of archaea?

A

methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles

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11
Q

they are not known to cause disease in humans

A

ARCHAEA

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12
Q

they live in extremely salty environments

A

EXTREME HALOPHILES

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13
Q

live in hot sulfurous water

A

EXTREME THERMOPHILES

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14
Q

produce methane as a waste product from respiration

A

METHANOGENS

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15
Q

may be unicellular or multicellular

A

FUNGI

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: large multicellular fundi such as mushroom may somewhat look like plants but they cannot carry out photosynthesis

A

TRUE

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17
Q

True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called ___

A

CHITIN

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18
Q

what are human fungal diseases called?

A

MYCOSES

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19
Q

How are mycoses classified?

A

by the location on or in the body where the infection occurs

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20
Q

fungi can be divided into two what are they?

A

MOLDS and YEASTS

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21
Q

unicellular eukaryotic microbes, move by extensions of their cytoplasm

A

PROTOZOA

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22
Q

what do you call the extensions of their cytoplasm used for moving by the protozoa?

A

PSEUDOPODS (false feet)

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23
Q

numerous shorter appendages for locomotion are called?

A

CILIA

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24
Q

they have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites that absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment. they can reproduce asexually or sexually

A

PROTOZOA

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25
Q

photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms

A

ALGAE

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26
Q

algae cell walls are composed of a carbohydrate called?

A

CELLULOSE

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27
Q

ALGAE are abundant where

A

in freshwater and salt water, soil and in association with plants.

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28
Q

they do not produce significant disease in humans but are beneficial as sources of ____, ___,____

A

food, iodine, and other minerals

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29
Q

group of worms that live as parasites, eukaryotic with complex body organization.

A

HELMINTHS

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30
Q

How are helminths parasitic?

A

they ingest or absorb digestive contents, body fluids or tissues.

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31
Q

what are the three main groups of Helminths?

A
  • tapeworms (cestodes)
  • flukes (trematodes)
  • roundworms (nematodes)
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32
Q

acellular, obligate intercellular parasites that is structurally simple. can reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms

A

VIRUS

33
Q

what does a virus contain?

A
  • core made up of only one type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA
  • core is surrounded by a protein coat
  • coat is enclosed by additional layer a lipid membrane called envelope.
34
Q

this is a lipid membrane that acts as an additional layer encasing a coat

A

ENVELOPE

35
Q

an infectious particle

A

PRIONS

36
Q

this is a type of protein found in the brain that is responsible for a variety of extremely fatal neurodegenerative diseases of animals but can be transmitted to humans

A

PRIONS

37
Q

TSE stands for what and it is caused by?

A

transmissible spongiform encephalitis, caused by PRIONS when animals transmit diseases to humans

38
Q

to date, its cause or how it happens is still unknown

A

PRIONS

39
Q

disease in cattle cause by this particle

A

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)

40
Q

DISEASE CAUSED IN SHEEP AND GOATS

A

SCRAPIE

41
Q

disease caused by infectious particle in humans

A

CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD)

42
Q

structures external to the cell wall

A
  • glycocalyx
  • flagella
  • axial filaments
  • pili/fimbriae
43
Q

structures internal to the cell wall

A 
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
ribosome
plasmid
inclusions
endospores
44
Q

three main bacterial shapes:

A

spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals

45
Q

this is a sugar coat, bacterial ____ is a viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both

A

GLYCOCALYX

46
Q

Glycocalyx firmly attached to the cell wall

A

CAPSULE

47
Q

glycocalyx loosely attached to cell wall

A

SLIME LAYER

48
Q

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

A

FLAGELLA

49
Q

bacteria that lack flagella

A

ATRICHOUS

50
Q

flagella that is distributed over the entire cell

A

PERITRICHOUS

51
Q

A single flagellum

A

MONOTRICHOUS

52
Q

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole or another

A

LOPHOTRICHOUS

53
Q

flagella at both poles of the cell

A

AMPHITRICHOUS

54
Q

the rotation of the filaments produces a movement of the outer sheath that propels the spirochetes in a spiral motion. have a structure similar to that of a flagella

A

AXIAL FILAMENTS/ ENDOFLAGELLA

55
Q

hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella. used for attachment and transfer of DNA

A

PILI/ FIMBRIAE

56
Q

what is PILI/ FIMBRIAE used for?

A

attachment and transfer of DNA not motility.

57
Q

defines the shape of the bacterium, protects bacteria from osmotic shock

A

CELL WALL

58
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

macromolecular network called PEPTIDOGLYCAN (murein)

59
Q

serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell wall, selectively permeable because of phospholipids

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

60
Q

this is important to the breakdown of nutrients and production of energy, contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

61
Q

80% water , thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic

houses the nucleoid (containing DNA), particles called ribosomes, and reserve deposits called inclusions

A

CYTOPLASM

62
Q

single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome

A

NUCLEOID

63
Q

site of protein synthesis, usually target of many antibiotics

A

RIBOSOME

64
Q

what are the two subunits composing ribosome?

A

30S AND 50S

65
Q

extrachromosomal genetic elements that are not connected to the main bacterial chromosome, but can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA

A

PLASMIDS

66
Q

may carry genes for such activities such as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, production of toxins, synthesis of enzymes

A

PLASMIDS

67
Q

this is used for gene manipulation in biotechnology

A

PLASMIDS

68
Q

aka reserve deposits, cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient

A

INCLUSIONS

69
Q

also known as resting cells

A

ENDOSPORES

70
Q

these are produced by bacteria when they are under hostile environment (genus bacillus and clostridium), composed of dipicolinic acid

A

ENDOSPORES

71
Q

resistant to heat, drying, chemical agents and radiation

A

dipicolinic acid

72
Q

what is the process of spore formation called?

A

SPORULATION

73
Q

______ IS THE PROCESS WHEN BACTERIUM RETURNS TO ITS VEGETATIVE STATE

A

GERMINATION

74
Q

____ is what occurs when environment is not favorable to the bacterium

A

SPORULATION

75
Q

NAME THE DIFFERENT COCCI according to arrangement

A 
DIPLOCOCCI- 2 cocci near each other
TETRAD- 4 together
SARCINA- 8 clustered
STREPTOCOCCI- chain
STAPHYLOCOCCI-- grape
76
Q

NAME THE DIFFERENT BACILLI according to arrangement

A

STREPTOBACILLI- CHAIN

SINGLE ROD- SINGLE BACILLUS

77
Q

NAME THE DIFFERENT SPIRALS according to arrangement

A

VIBRIO- KIDNEY SHAPED C
SPIRILLA- S LIKE
SPIROCHETE- CURLY

78
Q

what allows spirochete to move in a spiral motion?

A

axial filaments/endoflagella

MICROLEC (6 decks)

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