F- MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA Flashcards
___ one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies bacteria into two large groups: ___
Gram Stain
gram-positive and gram-negative
when was gram stain developed and by who?
1884 by the Danish bacteriologist, Hans Christian Gram.
enumerate the process of staining 1- 2- 3- 4-
1st dye- crystal violet, rinse with water
2nd- add iodine- mordant (intensifies the crystal violet)
3rd- alcohol- decolorize
4- safranin- a red dye
STAINING ALLOWS FOR VISIBILITY
this type of bacteria will appear violet under the microscope indicating that it has a thicker cell wall
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA ( the harder it is to remove the first color stain even through alcohol and safranin the thicker the cell wall)
golden yellow, fried egg appearance. Gram-positive, grape-like arrangement, beta-hemolytic (destroys rbc), halophile (they love salt)
staphylococcus aureus
this bacteria causes 9 diseases they are:
- gastroenteritis (diarrhea/stomach ache)
- scalded skin syndrome
- toxic shock syndrome
- impetigo
- folliculitis
- furuncle or boil
- carbuncle
- acute endocarditis
- osteomyelitis
. staphylococcus aureus
part of the normal bacterial flora widely found on the body, but compromised patient can become infected with this microorganisms, causes infections on prosthetic devices on the body and catheters
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
this bacteria is the second leading cause of UTI in sexually active young women
*2nd only to e.coli
STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS
spherical to ovoid, gram-positive tend to occur in pairs or chains when grown in liquid media, non spore former and generally nonmotile
STREPTOCOCCI
based on physiologic properties (PYOGENIC, VIRIDANS GROUP)
Academic/Bergey’s classification
in chains and violet, PYROGENIC GROUP
streptococcus pyogenes
classic strep throat with swollen tonsils, pharynx, purulent exudate on the tonsils, high temp, swollen lymph nodes. Usually lasts 5 days
STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS
SCARLET FEVER- RED RASH THAT SPARES THE FACE AND CAUSES FEVER. THIS IS CAUSED BY WHICH BACTERIA
Streptococcus pyogenes
PYODERMA, NECROTIZING FASCIITIS, RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE- IS CAUSED BY WHICH BACTERIA?
group A Streptococcus- streptococcus pyogenes
PNEUMONIA OR CAP, is caused by this bacteria
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
OTITIS MEDIA- middle ear infection in children is caused by which bacteria?
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
causes neonatal meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis (from contaminated milk)
STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE
bind to teeth and ferment sugar which produces acid and dental caries (normally in the flora of the mouth, not following proper oral hygiene afterwards causes the acid and forms cavities)
STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS (this falls under VIRDANS GROUP)
this bacteria can implant on heart valve can lead to (mitral valve prolapse)
SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS (this falls under VIRDANS group)
based on hemolytic reaction (beta-hemolytic streptococci, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, gamma)
SMITH BROWN’S CLASSIFICATION
clear, colorless zone indicating COMPLETE hemolysis of the RBC
beta-hemolytic streptococci
produce a zone of PARTIAL hemolysis with a greenish or brownish discoloration
alpha-hemolytic streptococci
hemolytic or non-hemolytic or INDIFFERENT streptococci- colonies do not produce any hemolysis
gamma
gram-positive, form endospores, either strict aerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes (can grow in presence of oxygen but do not require it)
bacillus species
SPORE forming (bacillus, clostridium), non-spore forming (corynebacterium, literia, propionibacterium)
GRAM POSITIVE RODS (BACILLI) - most are found in soil and water
amino acid capsule, cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax (wool sorter’s disease) is caused by which bacteria?
Bacillus anthracis
fried rice poisoning, emetic/ diarrhea is caused by which bacteria?
Bacillus cereus
this bacteria is the source of antibiotic of bacitracin effective against staphylococcus infections
Bacillus subtilis
BACITRACIN a medication effective against staphylococcus was isolated from who?
ANNE MARGARET TRACY, an 8yo who got into a car accident and whose body contained bacillus subtilis that was able to be isolated. She was born 15th of February 1936.
gas gangrene (ROTTING OF TOENAILS) is caused by chich bacteria?
Clostridium perfringens
pseudomembranous colitis (disease in the colon) is caused by which bacteria?
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
cause of tetanus, comes from soil originally. Contraction of muscles because of the tetanus toxin.
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
CAUSED BOTULISM
- BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTRACTION.
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
this bacteria causes diphtheria (respiratory disease that grows in your throat and blocks the throat/larynx)
CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE
bacteria that can be found in dairy products, foodborne and causes diarrhea
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
CAUSE OF ACNE, STRICT ANAEROBE
PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNE
is E.coli gram-positive or negative?
GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
normally found in the GIT, inhabits colon/large intestine, facultative anaerobes, infective if it is introduced to other parts of the body
ESCHERICHIA COLI
STRAINS OF E. coli:
(watery diarrhea/ travelers diarrhea)- antibiotic may be useful
ETEC- enterotoxigenic E.coli
STRAINS OF E. coli:
(watery diarrhea long duration, infants, developing countries)- antibiotic may be useful
EPEC- enteropathogenic E. coli
STRAINS OF E. coli:
(bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis)- avoid antibiotics
EHEC- ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E.coli
STRAINS OF E. coli:
bloody diarrhea- rehydrate and correct electrolyte abnormalities
EIEC- ENTEROINVASIVE E.coli
STRAINS OF E. coli:
persistent watery diarrhea in children and patient with HIV, rehydrate and electrolyte abnormalities correct it.
EAEC- ENTEROAGGREGATIVE E.coli-
is very motile, causes alkaline urine and UTI
PROTEUS VULGARIS
causes typhoid fever
LIVES IN GIT OF ANIMALS
ferment glucose and mannose
SALMONELLA TYPHI
caused bubonic plague, V and W antigens (pee of the rats)
YERSINIA PESTIS
causes CHANCROID, ulcer
HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI
this bacteria causes cat scratch disease, the dirt or bacteria on the cat’s nails causes this to occur.
BARTONELLA HENSELAI
causes whooping cough, aerobe, encapsulated,
BORDETELLA PERUSSIS
present in respiratory tract
KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA
CAUSES MENINGITIS (INFLAMANTION OF MENINGES IN THE BRAIN, AND EPIGLOTTIS)
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
VERY COMMON BACTERIA, CAUSES PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE, LARGE AMOUNT OF UREASE (ENZYME THAT CAUSES HOLES IN THE STOMACH)
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
motile, aerobe, causes severe soft tissue infection. secretes different pigment
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
cause of gonorrhea, std (pus)// ophthalmia neonatorum
NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE ( gram negative cocci -there’s only two of them)
a gram negative cocci that causes meningitis petechiae
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
very small, contains both DNA and RNA, devoid of cell wall. DO not respond to gram staining
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
another type of staining used for atypical bacteria because they have a waxy cell wall.
ACID FAST BACTERIA
this atypical bacteria causes rocky mountain spotted fever rash. it is pleomorphic (no specific shape), and vector transmitted (ticks)
RICKETTSIA RICKETSII
atypical bacteria that causes trachoma an eye infection non motile, not vector transmitted, infected waters, direct contact
CHLAMYDIA trachomatis
this atypical bacteria is the smallest bacteria and it causes walking pneumoniae
mycoplasma
what is the biggest bacteria?
bacillus anthracis
these are very motile, axial filaments, that require you to use dark field microscopy
spirochetes
causes STD, SYPHILIS
treponema pallidum
ixodidae tick, can spread to heart, brain and joints. Endemic in lyme conneticut (LYME DISEASE)
borrelia burgdorferi
this bacteria causes leptospirosis or weil’s disease, flood water can infect through wound openings.
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS
INTRACELLULAR ORGANISM, CONTAINS MYCOLIC ACID- RESISTANT TO DESSICATION, ACID AND ALKALI, WEAKLY GRAM POSITIVE- INHALING DROPLETS FROM INFECTED PERSON
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
this atypical bacteria causes Hansen’s disease/ leprosy- the bacteria eats the softer parts of the face
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
