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MICROLEC > F- MICROBIAL CONTROL > Flashcards

F- MICROBIAL CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

TWO ways to control microbial growth?

A

physical and chemical methods

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2
Q

it involves the destruction or elimination of ALL microbes including, cells, spores and viruses

A

STERILIZATION

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3
Q

this is used today to eliminate pathogens from milk and most other beverages

A

PASTEURIZATION

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4
Q

The REDUCTION of microbial populations to level considered safe by public health standards

A

SANITIZATION

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5
Q

process by which MOST microbial forms in a non-living object are DESTROYED

A

DISINFECTION

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6
Q

use of chemical agents on living tissues (skin) to prevent the spread of microorganisms, either by inhibiting their growth or destroying them

A

ANTISEPSIS

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7
Q

Substance used to eliminate microorganisms in living tissue

A

ANTISEPTIC

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8
Q

agent used to eliminate pathogens in non-living entities

A

DISINFECTANT

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9
Q

AGENT THAT KILLS

A

“CIDE” EX FUNGICIDE

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10
Q

AGENT THAT INHIBITS GROWTH

A

“STATIC”, VIROSTATIC (INHIBITS)

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11
Q

term used to describe increase in number

A

GROWTH

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12
Q

give the PHYSICIAL methods used to destroy or control pathogens

A
  • heat
  • combination of heat and pressure
  • desiccation
  • radiation
  • filtration
  • refrigeration/ low temperature
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13
Q

this is a physical method of microbial control which is the most practical, efficient, and inexpensive method of sterilization

A

HEAT

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14
Q

what are the two factors that affect heat for sterilization

A

temperature and time

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15
Q

baking in a thermostatically controlled oven provides effective sterilization of metals, glassware, some powders, oils and waxes

A

DRY HEAT STERILIZATION (dry-heat baking)

160-165C for 2 hrs or 170-180C for 1 hr

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16
Q

Give one example of dry heat sterilization?

A

-flaming a wire inoculating loop in a Bunsen burner flame, or using an electrical heating device

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17
Q

heat applied in the presence of moisture, as in boiling or steaming, it is faster and more effective than dry heat and can be accomplished at a lower temperature.

A

MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION

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18
Q

what happens to proteins when moist heat occurs?

A

COAGULATE (turns semisolid)

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19
Q

uses steam under pressure to completely destroy all microbial life

A

AUTOCLAVE

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20
Q

what is the pressure used in an autoclave and at what temperature?

A

15 psi and 121.5C for 20 minutes

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21
Q

what is usually being sterilized when using an autoclave?

A
  • culture media
  • instruments
  • dressings
  • intravenous equipment
  • applicators
  • solutions
  • syringes
  • transfusion equipment
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22
Q

eliminate pathogenic microbes, lower microbial numbers, which prolongs milk’s good quality under refrigeration

A

PASTEURIZATION

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23
Q

what are the three methods of pasteurization?

A

UHT- ultra high temperature (we use high temperature 280 degrees for 4-5 seconds

HTST- HIGH TEMPERATURE SHORT TIME ( RAW MILK is heated at 161 degrees for 15 seconds then rapidly cooled)

LOW TEMPERATURE- (145degrees f for 30mins)

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24
Q

what are the TWO types of heat sterilization?

A
  • heat (dry and moist)

- pasteurization (UHT, HTST, LT)

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25
Q

is used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials, such as some culture media, enzymes, vaccines and antibiotic solutions

A

FILTRATION

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26
Q

remove almost all microorganisms larger than about 0.3mm in diameter

A

HEPA FILTER

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27
Q

cellulose esters or plastic polymers, have become popular for industrial and laboratory use, these filters are only 1 mm thick

A

MEMBRANE FILTERS

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28
Q

What type of filter is equipped using a biosafety cabinet?

A

HEPA FILTER

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29
Q

metabolic rate of most microbes is so reduced that they cannot reproduce or synthesize toxins

A

LOW TEMPERATURES/ REFRIGERATION (ordinary refrigerators 0-7C)

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30
Q

this is the removal of water, microorganisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viable for years.

A

DESICCATION

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31
Q

use of high concentrations of salts and sugars to preserve food, based on the effects of _______.

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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32
Q

HIGH CONCENTRATION OF THESE SUBSTANCES CREATE ______ THAT CAUSES WATER TO LEAVE THE MICROBIAL CELL

A

HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT

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33
Q

kills microorganisms which has two types, ionizing and non ionizing

A

RADIATION

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34
Q

(gamma rays, X rays, high-energy electron beams)- has a wavelength shorter than that of the other type, less than about 1 nm, therefore it carries much more energy.

A

IONIZING RADIATION

35
Q

This type of radiation is more frequently used in laboratories has a longer wavelength, usually greater than about 1 nm. UV is an example.

A

NONIONZING RADIATION

36
Q

What does UV light damage in an exposed cell?

A

DNA, it causes bonds to form adjacent pyrimidine bases

37
Q

what is a major disadvantage of UV light as a disinfectant?

A
  • radiation is not very penetrating, so the organisms to be killed must be directly exposed to the rays.
38
Q

the principle effect of ____– is the ionization of water, which forms highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. These radicals react with organic cellular components especially DNA.

A

RADIATION. used to sterilize pharmaceuticals, disposable dental and medical supplies. placed inside a UV cabinet

39
Q

used in teaching laboratories to evaluate the efficacy of a chemical agent

A

DISK-DIFFUSION METHOD

40
Q

what do you call the halo or circle on the outside of the disk that is used to indicate the efficacy?

A

ZONE OF INHIBITION (the bigger the zone the more effective)

41
Q

the first person to use phenol (carbolic acid) to control surgical infections in the operating room.

A

Joseph Lister

42
Q

often used in throat lozenges for its local anesthetic effect but has little antimicrobial effect at low concentrations. It is however disagreeable in odor and it can irritate the skin as such it is now rarely used as an antiseptic

A

PHENOL

43
Q

derivative of phenol

A

PHENOLICS

44
Q

exert antimicrobial activity by injuring lipid-containing plasma membranes, which results in leakage of cellular contents

A

PHENOLICS

45
Q

what is the main ingredient of Lysol?

A

O-phenylphenol

46
Q

derivative of phenol that contain TWO phenolic groups connected by a bridge

A

BISPHENOLS (bis indicates TWO)

47
Q

name an ingredient used in prescription lotion, used for surgical and hospital microbial control procedures

and name an ingredient in antibacterial soaps which inhibits an enzyme needed for biosynthesis of fatty acids

A

HEXACHLOROPHENE

TRICLOSAN

48
Q

this disinfectant has broad spectrum of activity with mode of action primarily affecting BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANES. It is not sporicidal but have some activity against enveloped viruses

A

BIGUANIDES

49
Q

frequently used for microbial control on skin and mucous membranes. Combined with a detergent or alcohol it is very often used for surgical hand scrubs and preoperative skin preparation in patients

A

CHLORHEXIDINE a type of biguanide

-ALSO a component of mouthwash (oral cavity)

gargle is not the same (it involves air)

50
Q

particularly iodine and chlorine, effective antimicrobial agents, both alone and as constituents of inorganic or organic compounds

A

HALOGENS

51
Q

one of the oldest and most effective antiseptics, it impairs protein synthesis and alters cell membranes, apparently by forming complexes with amino acids and unsaturated fatty acid.

A

(I2) IODINE

52
Q

widely used disinfectant, germicidal action is caused by the hypochlorous acid. Prevents much of the cellular enzyme system from functioning

A

CHLORINE (Cl2)

53
Q

what is formed when bleach/chlorine is added to water?

A

HYDROCHLOROUS ACID

54
Q

Combination of iodine and an organic molecule from which iodine is released slowly

A

IODOPHORS- have antimicrobial activity of iodine but they do not stain and are less irritating.

*betadine- the most common commercial preparation

55
Q

effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and non-enveloped viruses. Mechanism of action is usually protein denaturation, can also disrupt membranes and dissolve many lipid

A

ALCOHOLS

-it can be both antiseptic and disinfectant

56
Q

what are the two most common forms of alcohol?

A
  • ethanol

- isopropanol

57
Q

what is the recommended optimum concentration of ethanol?

A

70%

58
Q

this is often sold as rubbing alcohol, is slightly superior to ethanol as an antiseptic and disinfectant

A

ISOPROPANOL

59
Q

among the two alcohols which is more drying?

A

-both ethanol and isopropyl alcohol are similar in function and structure BUT ethanol is capable of drying out the skin if used without additional agents. Because of this isopropyl is a better solution and more often used as an antiseptic.

  1. eth dries tissue faster
  2. iso has more carbon atoms making it more effective
60
Q

they are able to exert antimicrobial activity through oligodynamic action

A

HEAVY METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS (SILVER AND COPPER)

61
Q

heavy metal contains antimicrobial activity even in very small amounts

A

OLIGODYNAMIC ACTION

62
Q

this is what you call the antimicrobial property done by heavy metals

A

oligodynamic property

63
Q

what solution is used for ophthalmia neonatorum (crede’s prophylaxis)? (babies born from gonorrhea mothers/std)

A

1% silver nitrate solution (silver)

*erythromycin cream is more commonly used this day,

64
Q

topical cream used on burns

A

SILVERSULFADIAZINE

65
Q

new antimicrobial for application to surfaces, contains water-insoluble silver iodide

A

SURFACINE

66
Q

Used chiefly to destroy green algae (algicide) that grow in reservoirs, stock ponds, swimming pools, and fish tanks

A

COPPER SULFATE

67
Q

common ingredient in mouthwashes

A

ZINC CHLORIDE

68
Q

an ingredient in antidandruff shampoo

A

ZINC PYRITHIONE

69
Q

decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid. Such agents include soaps and detergents

A

SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS

70
Q

these have little value as an antiseptic, but it does have an important function in the mechanical removal of microbes through scrubbing

A

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

71
Q

soaps breaks the oily film into tiny droplets, what is this process called?

A

EMULSIFICATION

72
Q

most widely used surface-active agents, strongly bactericidal against gram-positive bacteria and less active against gram-negative bacteria. it is fungicidal, amoebicidal, and virucidal against enveloped viruses.

Chemical mode of action is unknown but probably affect plasma membrane.

A

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (QUATS)

73
Q

a popular quats:

A

-benzalkonium chloride (zephiran) used for cleaning the cuticles

74
Q

these are used to preserve or lengthen food shelf-life

A

CHEMICAL FOOD PRESERVATIVES

75
Q

disinfectant used in wine-making

A

SULFUR DIOXIDE

76
Q

prevents molds from growing in certain acidic foods such as cheese and soft drinks

A

sorbic acid,
potassium sorbate
sodium benzoate

77
Q

antifungal antibiotic approved use in foods, mostly cheese

A

NATAMYCIN (PRIMARICIN)

78
Q

They inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross-links with several organic functional groups on proteins

A

ALDEHYDE

79
Q

available as formalin, 37% aqueous solution, used to preserve biological specimens

A

FORMALDEHYDE

80
Q

Less irritating and more effective than formaldehyde. used to disinfect hospital instruments, including endoscopes and RT equipment but they must be cleaned carefully.

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

81
Q

these are gases used to sterilize an area

A

CHEMICAL STERILIZATION
ethylene oxide- kills all microbes and endospores but requires a lengthy exposure period of several hours
chlorine dioxide- used to fumigate enclosed building area

82
Q

group of oxidizing agents that include hydrogen peroxide and peraceetic acid

A

PEROXYGENS

83
Q

effectively disinfect inanimate objects it is even sporicidal at high concentrations

A

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

84
Q

ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE LIQUID CHEMICAL SPORICIES AVAILABLE AND CAN BE USED AS A STERILANT

A

PERACETIC ACID

MICROLEC (6 decks)

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