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MICROLEC > F-PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY > Flashcards

F-PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

scientific study of disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

____=suffering

_____= science

A

pathos

logos

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4
Q

the manner in which a disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

ability of an organism to cause disease;

A

Pathogenecity

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6
Q

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

A

Infection

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7
Q

occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health

A

Disease

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8
Q

what are the six involved in the chain of infection

A 
causative agent
reservoir
portal of exit
method of transmission
portal of entry
host
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9
Q

what are examples of a reservoir

A

humans
animals
soil
water

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10
Q

what are causative agents of infection?

A 
bacteria
fungi
viruses
protozoa
helminths
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11
Q

what are the portals of exit?

A 
gastrointestinal tract
urogenital tract
upper respiratory tract
blood
broken skin
mucous membrane
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12
Q

what are some methods of transmission

A 
indirect/direct contact
airborne
food
water
body fluids
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13
Q

what are some of the portal of entries

A 
gastrointestinal tract
urogenital tract
upper respiratory tract
blood
broken skin
mucous membrane
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14
Q

susceptible host can be any person; patient, client, or health worker

A

host

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15
Q

any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily on survival.

A

RESERVOIR

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16
Q

this type of reservoir include people, insects, birds, and other animals

A

ANIMATE RESERVOIR

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17
Q

this type of reservoir include soil, water, food, feces, and intravenous fluid and equipment

A

INANIMATE RESERVOIR

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18
Q

what are the ways we can break the chain of infection?

A

elimination of sources of infection (reservoir)
appropriate handling of contaminated items,
appropriate handling and disposal of body secretions

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19
Q

site from where micro-organisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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20
Q

the movement of the transmission of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

A

METHOD OF TRANSMISSION

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21
Q

also known as person-to-person contact.

A

DIRECT CONTACT

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22
Q

nonliving object used to transmit the pathogen to a susceptible host.

A

INDIRECT CONTACT

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23
Q

this is what you call the objects that can transmit pathogens

A

FOMITE

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24
Q

pathogens are spread in mucus droplet that travel only short distances, usually less than one meter from reservoir to host, discharged into air by coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking

A

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

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25
Q

pathogens transmitted by a medium which could be water, food, or air

A

VEHICLE TRANSMISSION

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26
Q

pathogens are spread by contaminated water

A

WATERBORNE TRANSMISSION

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27
Q

pathogens are transmitted in foods that are improperly cooked or prepared under sanitary conditions

A

FOODBORNE TRANSMISSION

28
Q

pathogens are spread by droplet nuclei in dust that can harbor more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. Dust particles can harbour many different types of pathogens. Droplets which are small enough can remain suspended in air for hours and carried by dust or air

A

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

29
Q

are arthropods that carry pathogens from one host to another

A

VECTORS/ VECTORS TRANSMISSION

30
Q

occurs when there is a passive transport of pathogen from insect to the host (flies)

A

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

31
Q

occurs when there is a passive transport of pathogen from insect to the host (flies)

A

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

32
Q

active process of pathogen transmission for example an insect bite, ingesting its blood and later the pathogen inside the insect reproduce multiple times. EX. dengue and malaria

A

BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION

33
Q

The site through which microorganisms enter thee susceptible host and cause disease/infection, mucous membrane, skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal tracts

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

34
Q

T OR F: pathogens often enter the body of the host through the same route they exited the reservoir

A

T

35
Q

human body; someone who is at the risk of infection

A

HOST

36
Q

acquired immunity can be broken down into two what are they?

A

natural and Artificial

37
Q

what are NATURAL acquired immunity-

A

active- clinical disease or subclinical infection

passive- from mother, transplacental antibodies, breastmilk

38
Q

artificial acquired immunity

A

active-vaccination

passive- serum containing immunoglobulins

39
Q

are microorganism that ate capable of causing diseases or infections

A

CAUSATIVE AGENT

40
Q

is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

A

Epidemiology

41
Q

is also used to search for determinants, which refers to
the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease
and other health-related events. Determinants can be demographic
characteristics, genetic makeup, risk factors, environmental exposure.

A

Epidemiology

42
Q

epi-
demi-
ology-

A

upon
people
study

43
Q

To understand the full scope of a disease, we should know

something about its occurrence.

A

LEVEL OF DISEASE

44
Q

disease (e.g. malaria and dengue) is usually present in a community and this may not necessarily be the desired level.

A

endemic disease

45
Q

(e.g. leptospirosis and typhoid fever) disease occurring infrequently
and irregularly,.

A

sporadic disease

46
Q

disease or a persistent high levels of disease occurrence

A

hyperendemic

47
Q

(e.g. influenza) refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number
of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in
that area.

A

epidemic

48
Q

carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.

A

outbreak

49
Q

(e.g. COVID-19, SARS, MERS-Cov) refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number
of people

A

pandemic

50
Q

SEVERITY OR DURATION OF DISEASE- is one that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (e.g. influenza).

A

acute disease

51
Q

develops more slowly, and the body’s reactions may be less severe, but the disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods (e.g. hepatitis B).

A

chronic disease

52
Q

A disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic is described as a _____; an example is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

A

subacute disease

53
Q

is one in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease; an example is shingles, one of the
diseases caused by varicella virus.

A

latent disease

54
Q

Once the pathogen overcomes the defenses of the host, the
development of a disease follows a definite sequence of events
regardless whether it’s acute or chronic.

A

STAGES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

55
Q

the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms. The time of ________ depends on the specific microorganism involved, its virulence (degree of pathogenicity), the number of infecting microorganisms, and the resistance of the host.

A

Incubation period

56
Q

– characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease,
such as general aches and malaise. This is short period that follows the
period of incubation in some diseases.

A

Prodromal period

57
Q

the period where disease is most severe. The person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of the disease contracted. If the patient’s immune system cannot overcome the pathogen present, the patient dies.

A

Period of Illness

58
Q

also known as the period of effervescence. This is period where signs and symptoms begin to subside but the patient may be vulnerable to secondary infections.

A

Period of Decline also known as defervescence

59
Q

this period marks the patient’s recovery
from the disease. The patient regains strength and body returns to its
normal condition.

A

Period of Convalescence

60
Q

subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.

A

Symptoms

61
Q

objective changes the physician can observe and measure.

A

Signs

62
Q

specific group of symptoms or signs, a combination of signs and symptoms

A

Syndrome

63
Q

spreads from one host to another. (e.g. Chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis)

A

Communicable disease

64
Q

not spread from one host to another. (e.g. tetanus, diabetes)

A

Noncommunicable disease

65
Q

how do we classify infectious diseases?

A

symptoms, signs, syndrome, communicable disease, noncommunicable disease

MICROLEC (6 decks)

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