Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MD2011 > Week 3 Resp > Flashcards

Week 3 Resp Flashcards

0
Q

Describe the 4 main steps of the carbon dioxide movement

A
  1. Diffusion of carbon dioxide from the mitochondria to the blood
  2. Circulation of carbon dioxide in blood
  3. Diffusion of carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
  4. Expiration of air with carbon dioxide from lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Describe the 4 main steps of the oxygen cascade

A
  1. Aspiration of air into lungs
  2. Diffusion of oxygen from the air into the red blood cells
  3. Circulation of red blood cells around the body
  4. Diffusion of oxygen from the red blood cells into the mitochondria for cellular use ( TCA cycle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What components make up the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, nose, mouth, nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What components make up the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main roles of the conducting zone?

A

Conduct, warm, cleanse and humidify the air. Allow movement of air to alveoli. NO gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main roles of the respiratory zone?

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Breathing directly into trachea (tracheostomy) results in what?

A

Cooling and drying of the respiratory membranes and serious lung crusting and infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is another name for nasal conchae and what is their role with filter and particle deposition?

A

Nasal turbinates- creates turbulence which helps deposit particles in the nose. It also reduces respiratory water and heat loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What sized particles can enter the lungs?

A

Particles <6micrometres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is airway patency?

A

Keeping the airways open to promote movement of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures assist with airway patency?

A

Trachea- cartilage rings
Bronchi- less extensive cartilage plates
Bronchioles- pressure gradients and radial traction with collagen and least in fibers from the surrounding tissues(lung parenchyma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List two things that can occur due to problems with upper airway patency

A

Snoring and sleep apnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List two things that can occur due to problems with lower airway patency

A

Obstructive lung disorders such as emphysema or asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List a problem than can occur with alveolar patency?

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (lack of surfactant in premature babies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is pressure created in the respiratory system?

A

By molecules of air colliding with the walls of their container and with eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is boyles law?

A

Inverse relationship between gas volume and pressure.Gasses move form areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is the lung pleura essential for normal airflow?

A

Sucks the lungs out towards the chest wall and keeps the lungs moving with the chest wall. Negative intrapleural pressure helps to keep lungs patent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity.Can be penetrating or non penetrating or spontaneous. It restricts lung expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the normal intrapleural pressure? In mm Hg

A

-4mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which direction to the lungs and ribs naturally want to recoil?

A

Ribs want to recoil outwards and lungs want to recoil inwards (collapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define transmittal pressure

A

Pressure across the airway wall or across the lung wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe what happens during inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly. External intercostal contract and move ribs upward and out. Thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases and air flows in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

A

Elastic recoil of lung tissue when muscles relax. Decrease in lung volume and increased lung pressure. Air flows out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Why is expiration normally passive?
It is passive as no energy is required, uses elastic recoil of ribs and lungs
25
What is normal atmospheric pressure
760mmHg
26
What is intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation?
759mmHg as pressure has decreased allowing for air to rush in
27
What is normal intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation? (In mmHg)
761mmHg as pressure has increased in lungs and air is now rushing out to lower conc.
28
Goes intrapleural pressure become more or less negative upon inspiration?
More negative
29
List the two main muscles involved in inspiration and what type of process this is?
Diaphragm and external intercostals. Active process as it requires energy to contract the respiratory muscles
30
List the 3 main muscles involved in forced expiration and what type of process this is?
Abdominal muscles, internal intercostals and innermost internal intercostals. Active, uses muscles to increase speed of air leaving the lungs uses energy
31
Describe quiet breathing.
Also called eupnea/ normal breathing. Inspiration involves diaphragm and external intercostals in varying degrees. Expiration is passive with elastic recoil
32
Describe forced breathing
Active expiration using internal intercostals and abdominal muscles. Inspiration involves diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory respiratory muscles.
33
Define hyperpnoea
Increase in breathing via rate or depth of both
34
Define hyperventilation
Increase in ventilation above predicted metabolic rate (over breathing)
35
Is an increase in breathing seen in running hyperpnoea or hyperventilation?
Hyperpnoea. Breathing is increased to match increase in metabolic rate
36
Define tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled in one breath at rest ~500mL
37
Define respiratory rate (f)
Number of breaths per minute
38
What term means the amount of air MOVED each minute?
Minute Ventilation
39
Approximately how much air in mL stays in the conducting zone and does not participate in gas exchange?
~150mL
40
Define dead space (Vd)
Amount of air in conducting zone
41
What is alveolar ventilation?
Amount of air reaching alveolar each minute
42
How do you measure ventilation?
By using spirometry
43
How many respiratory volumes are there?
4
44
Define expiratory reserve Volume ERV
Amount of additional air than you can force out of your lungs after you have expired normally (~1000mL)
45
Define inspiratory reserve Volume IRV
Amount of additional air that you can inhale after you have inhaled normally (~1900-3300mL)
46
Define residual volume RV
Amount of air left in lungs after a maximum expiration (you can't fully empty your lungs) (~1100mL)
47
Define inspiratory capacity (IC)
Amount of air that you can draw into your lungs after you have completed a normal expiration (tidal volume + IRV)
48
Define functional residual capacity FRC
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after you have expired normally. ERV +RV
49
Define Vital Capacity? (VC)
Max amount of air you can move into and out of the lungs? (ERV + VT + IRV)
50
Total lung capacity TLC
Total volume in lungs VC+ RV
51
Define compliance
Ease of expansion of lungs
52
Does a lung with high compliance or low compliance require greater pressure to achieve the same change in volume?
Low compliance (stiff lung). Need to recruit more muscles to create a greater negative intrapulmonary pressure. More energetically costly
53
What does lung compliance depend on?
Pulmonary connective tissue Surfactant Thoracic cage mobility
54
At rest, how much of the bodies energy demands does ventilation represent?
3-5%
55
Finish this sentence : cost (energetic cost) of ventilation increases when....
Tidal volume increases, compliance decreases, increase in airway resistance occurs
56
What is airflow resistance work associated with?
The friction that air encounters as it travels down the airways
57
What is elastic work of breathing associated with?
An increase in volume of thoracic cavity (diaphragm and muscle activity) increases elastic cost
58
What happens to work of breathing if lung compliance decreases?
Elastic cost of breathing increases, increasing tidal volume becomes costly, patients at rest tend to adopt high rate and low tidal volume breathing to minimise costs of breathing
59
What happens to work of breathing if airways narrow/ airway patency decreases?
Airflow resistance increases, increasing rate of breathing becomes costly , patients at rest tend to adopt low rate and high tidal volume breathing to minimise costs of breathing
60
Why are apnoeas in an obstructive sleep apnoea patient only present during sleep and not when they are awake?
Activity of upper airway dilator muscles is reduced during sleep which increases the tendency for upper airways of narrow during sleep. When asleep on back, tongue and soft palate may fall back into upper airway causing partial blockage (and snoring)
61
How does CPAP help with OSA patients?
CPAP pushes air into the upper airways. The positive pressure keeps the airway from collapsing where activity of the upper airway dilator muscles are reduced during sleep.
62
What formula can be used to predict vital capacity?
VC=0.064(H)-0.031(A)-5.335 (MALE) VC=0.052(H)-0.018(A)-4.36 (FEMALE)
63
What formula can be used to predict total lung capacity?
TLC=0.094(H)-0.015(A)-9.167 (MALE) | TLC=0.079(H)-0.008(A)-7.49 (FEMALE)
64
What formula can be used to predict residual volume?
RV = VC x factor
65
Name the 3 factors for predicting residual volume
16-34: 0.25 35-49: o.305 50-59: 0446
66
What is the most common cause of daytime sleepiness
Obstructive sleep apnoea
67
How many people with a BMI over 30 had obstructive sleep apnea
50%
68
For apnoea to be considered clinical important, how many times per hour
Lasting longer than 10 seconds and occurring more than 5 times per hour
69
List some treatment options for sleep apnoa
Weight loss, surgery, dental appliances or breathing assistance (eg CPAP)
70
What is central sleep apnoea often a consequence of?
Vascular disease (eg stroke)
71
Define central sleep apnoea
A neurological condition cussing the cessation of all respiratory effort during sleep

MD2011 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions