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MD2011 > Cardiovascular Medicine - Week 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Medicine - Week 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Name the valve that separates the right atria from the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid Valve

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1
Q

List the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Left and Right Atrium and Left and right Ventricle

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2
Q

Name the valve that separates the left atria from the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid Valve / Mitral valve

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3
Q

What is the role of the coronary system of vessels?

A

To supply the heart (myocardium)

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4
Q

Why do he coronary arteries lie on the outside wall of the heart?

A

To prevent their blood flow from being constricted upon contraction of the myocardium

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5
Q

List the main 2 branches off the left coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery

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6
Q

List the main 2 branches off the right coronary artery

A

Posterior interventricular artery and right marginal artery

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7
Q

Lame the 3 main coronary veins and where they drain into

A

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein. They all drain into the coronary sinus

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8
Q

List the three layers of the heart from outermost to innermost

A

Epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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9
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker myocardium and why?

A

Left ventricle to allow for greater force of contraction when pumping oxygenated blood around the body

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10
Q

What are the 2 main roles of the heart?

A

1.Delivery of blood to the lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation) and 2. Delivery of oxygenated blood around the body (systemic circulation)

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11
Q

Which side of the heart is involved with pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side

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12
Q

Which side of the heart is involved with systemic circulation?

A

Left side

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13
Q

Where are the atria located in relation to the ventricles?

A

Superior and posteriorly to the ventricles

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14
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

The base of the left ventricle

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15
Q

What is the role of the left and right pulmonary arteries?

A

To deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation

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16
Q

What is the role of the 2 left and 2 right pulmonary veins?

A

To deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium for release in systemic circulation

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17
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the middle mediastinum between ribs 2-5. Anterior to vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.

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18
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

On the right and left sides of the mediastinum in the plural cavities

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19
Q

List the main contents of the Middle mediastinum

A

Heart, trachea, oesophagus , blood vessels

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20
Q

List the divisions of the mediastinum

A

Superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum(anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum)

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21
Q

What separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum?

A

The angle of Louis / sternal angle

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22
Q

What is the angle of Louis and what rib articulates at this site?

A

The level where the body of the sternum and the manubrium join. It extends backward to T4 and T5 vertebra. Rib 2 articulates at this site.

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23
Q

Why can you not palpate rib number 1?

A

Because it is posterior to the clavicle

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24
Q

List the dimensions of the heart

A

Right border: right atrium, left border and apex: left ventricle, base: left and right atria

25
Q

List the layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous and serous pericardium.Serous can be divided further into visceral and parietal pericardium. From outermost to innermost: fibrous, parietal , visceral.

26
Q

Which pericardial layer is also referred to as the epicardium?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

27
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity and what is its function?

A

Space Between the visceral and parietal pericardium. Has serous fluid inside to allow for frictionless movement of the heart as it contracts

28
Q

What are the main parts of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

An interatrial and interventricular septum and 4 CT rings that support the cuspid and semilunar valves.

29
Q

Why is there no fibrous skeleton surrounding the ventricles and atria?

A

Because it would inhibit the filling of the chambers

30
Q

Name the expandable flap like part of the atria

A

Auricle

31
Q

Name the ridged muscular area of the auricle that allow for expansion upon filling

A

Pectinate muscles

32
Q

Where is the Foramen ovale located in the embryo/ fetus

A

In the interatrial septum (on the septum secundum)

33
Q

Name the muscles in the ventricles that assist with the closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

A

Papillary muscles

34
Q

What attaches the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

A

Chordae tendinae (heart strings) - collagen

35
Q

What is the functional role of the cuspid valves?

A

To direct blood flow through the atria to the ventricles and prevent back flow into the atria

36
Q

How do the AV valves prevent back flow into the atria??

A

When blood is directed for the atria to the ventricles, the AV valves are open and relaxed. When the blood is ready to be pumped from the ventricles, the papillary muscles contract alongside the ventricular muscle and pull on the AV valves to close them against the blood flow.

37
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

In the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

38
Q

How do the semilunar valves function?

A

They are passive valves. When the ventricles contract , blood is forced into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. This force pushes the valves open and blood rushes into the vessels. When the ventricles relax, the blood in the vessels flows backwards again the valves and their cusps fill up and prevent it from reenterring the ventricles.

39
Q

Define systole

A

The contraction of a chamber of the heart

40
Q

Define Diastole

A

Relaxation of heart chamber

41
Q

List the three layers of artery/ vein walls

A

Tunica externa (CT), tunica media (smooth muscle) and tunica intima (Simple squamous and areolar tissue)

42
Q

Name the 3 types of arteries from largest to smallest

A

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles

43
Q

What is the name given to the smallest type of vein

A

Venule

44
Q

List the three types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid

45
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

Development of the heart

46
Q

What week of pregnancy does the heart begin to grow?

A

Week 3

47
Q

What embryological derivative is the heart from?

A

Mesoderm

48
Q

What are the initial structures of the heart in early embryonic life?

A

2 endocardial tubes and a dorsal aorta

49
Q

Name to the layers of the atrial septum

A

Septum primum and septum secundum,

50
Q

Where does the Foramen ovale shunt blood away from

A

Away from lungs to the left side of the heart

51
Q

What does the Foramen ovale become after birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

52
Q

Role of umbilical veins?

A

Carry oxygen from the placenta to fetus

53
Q

What does the ductus venous shunt?

A

The liver

54
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus shunt?

A

Bypasses the lungs and shunts blood from pulmonary arteries to descending aorta

55
Q

Which dorsal aorta degenerates?

A

Superior part of right dorsal aorta

56
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus connect to?

A

connects left and right dorsal aorta by aortic arches 1,2,3,4,6

57
Q

Which aortic arches degenerate

A

1 and 2

58
Q

What are the 3 branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian

59
Q

Where does the aorta feed into?

A

The left ventricle

60
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery feed into the heart?

A

The right ventricle

61
Q

Where does the inferior and superior vena cava feed into the heart?

A

Right atrium

MD2011 (32 decks)

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