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MD2011 > HRM Week 1 > Flashcards

HRM Week 1 Flashcards

0
Q

How much blood are newborn babies born with

A

250ml of blood

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1
Q

What is the a average amount of blood in the body for males and females

A

Males:5-6L
Females: 4-5L

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2
Q

What is the PHof blood

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

What is the colour of oxygenated blood

A

Scarlett red to deep red

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4
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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5
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

95%

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6
Q

Blood represents how much of the total body weight?

A

8%

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7
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of cellular components?

A

45%

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8
Q

What are the three main roles of blood?

A

Transport, protection and regulation

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9
Q

Why do males have a greater amount of RBCs

A

Because androgens stimulate erythropoiesis

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10
Q

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Plasma has clotting/coagulation proteins where serum has had its removed

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11
Q

What word describes the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

A

Hematocrit

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12
Q

After blood is centrifuged, what makes up the buffy coat

A

White blood cells and platelets because they are less dense

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13
Q

Name the yellow breakdown product of heme catabolism that is excreted in bile and urine

A

Bilirubin

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14
Q

Name the three types of plasma proteins and where they are mainly synthesized

A

Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen - synthesized in liver

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15
Q

List the various Globulins chains

A

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta and gamma globulins

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16
Q

Which is the most abundant protein and its main role

A

Albumin (60%) transports lipids, bilirubin, fatty acids and steroid hormones

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17
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Coagulation (clotting factor 1)

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18
Q

At what level is the body considered to have hyperproteinemia ?

A

Higher than 8g/L

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19
Q

List the normal haematocrit scores for males and females (%)

A

Males: 40-54% and females 38-46%

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20
Q

Why do mature erythrocytes not divide?

A

Because they have no nucleus or organelles required for division to occur

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21
Q

How does a RBC metabolise glucose?

A

90% anaerobic glycolysis, 10% pentose phosphate pathway

22
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasmic enzymes in the RBC

A

Glucose metabolism, maintain pliability of membrane, maintian transport of. Ions and keep iron in ferrous form

23
Q

Why is the specialised oval, biconcave shape of an RBC important to its role in circulation?

A

Provides a larger surface area of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion and also the flexibility of the RBC membrane allows it to bend and traverse through capillaries much smaller than them

24
Q

Why does insulin not play a role in glucose uptake in the RBC

A

Because there are no insulin receptors on an RBC

25
Q

Name the three important structural proteins in the RBC membrane

A

Spectrin, Band 3 and ankyrin

26
Q

What is the erythrocytes sedimentation rate?

A

The rate at which RBCs settle after being placed into a tall thin vertical tube.

27
Q

What does an increased ESR mean?

A

There are less RBCs than plasma (decreased hematocrit)

28
Q

What’s is the role of carbonic anhydrase in an RBC?

A

Catalyses the reversible reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions

29
Q

List the WBCs that are agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

30
Q

List the WBCs that are granulocytes

A

Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

31
Q

List some characteristics of leukocytes/ WBCs

A

Amoeboid movements, diapedis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis

32
Q

What is a band neutrophil

A

A band neutrophil is a neutrophil still undergoing granulopoiesis. It’s nucleus is curved but not yet divided into lobes as is seen in a mature neutrophil

33
Q

What increases neutrophil production?

A

Inflammation or infection

34
Q

What are platelets

A

Small colourless anucleated cell fragments that bud off from the cytoplasm of bone marrow megakaryocytes

35
Q

What is thrombocytosis

A

Increased platelet count

36
Q

What are the properties of platelets?

A

Adhesion, aggregation and agglutinagion

37
Q

What are the main functions of platelets?

A

Blood clotting/hemostasis, clot retraction, and repairing the endothelium

38
Q

Describe the histological features of a neutrophil

A

Fine granules,4-5 lobes in the nucleus (segmented)

39
Q

Describe the histological features of a epsinophil

A

Course granules , bright red/orange stain, bi lobed nucleus

40
Q

Describe the histological features of a basophil

A

Dark/bluish , course granules,bilobed nucleus

41
Q

Describe the histological features of a monocyte

A

Largest of the WBCs ,no granules, oval or kidney shaped nucleus

42
Q

Describe the histological features of a lymphocyte

A

No granules, kidney shaped nucleus (similar to monocytes but smaller)

43
Q

Which is the most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophil (62%)

44
Q

Role of neutrophils?

A

Inflammatory response, bacterial and viral infections. Phagocytosis to digest bacteria and debris

45
Q

Role of lymphocytes?

A

T&B lymphocytes . T cells are involved with cell mediate immune response by directly destroying virus invaded cells. B cells are involved with humoursl immunity and produce antibodies

46
Q

Role of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis, participation in the inflammation and immune response

47
Q

Role of basophils?

A

Granules contain histamines and heparin and hyaluronic acid. Important in allergic reactions (histamine) and asa anticoagulant (heparin). Mast cells are tissue basophils

48
Q

Role of eosinophils?

A

Parasitic worms, allergies- control inflammation and allergic reactions. Respond to IgE to produce acute allergic response.

49
Q

Define Anisocytosis

A

Where a patients red blood cells are of unequal/varied size

50
Q

Define poikilocytosis

A

Abnormally shaped red blood cells

51
Q

What is normocytic anemia?

A

Average volume of RBCs is in normal range but Hb and and hematocrit are decreased

52
Q

What is normochromic anemia?

A

Normal levels of Hb

53
Q

What blood tests can be done for anemia?

A

Hematocrit, complete blood count, Hb level,transferrin level,serum ferritin levels

MD2011 (32 decks)

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