CVM Week 8

Question 0

What does renin act on?

Answer 0

Acts on converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Question 1

Where is renin secreted from?

Answer 1

The kidneys

Question 2

What does the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) act on?

Answer 2

Acts on converting angiotensin 1 into angiotensin II

Question 3

What are some roles of angiotensin II?

Answer 3

Vasoconstriction, stimulates ADH, stimulates aldosterone

Question 4

Another name for ADH is?

Answer 4

Vasopressin

Question 5

What causes the release of Artial Natriuretic Peptide?

Answer 5

When the wall of the right atrium is stretched

Question 6

What is the action of Artial Natriuretic Peptide on on kidneys?

Answer 6

Causes kidneys to excrete sodium and water in the urine, blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases, stretch on right atrium is relieved

Question 7

List some risk factors for cardiovascular diseases? What are the two most common risk factors?

Answer 7

Smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, low fruit consumption, high alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes.

Two most common are physical inactivity and poor diet

Question 8

In Australia, how many people have at least one cvd risk factor?

Answer 8

9/10

Question 9

What cardiovascular disease is the cause of 52% of deaths (out of the cardiovascular diseases)?

Answer 9

Coronary heart disease

Question 10

Describe absolute risk?

Answer 10

Risk of developing a disease over a time period.eg. risk of developing cancer within 5 years.

Question 11

Describe relative risk?

Answer 11

Compares the risk of two groups of people of developing a condition. EG. smokers vs. Non-smokers

Question 12

What does NNT mean?

Answer 12

Number needed to treat. Number of people needed to take the treatment for one person to benefit from the treatment

Question 13

List some modifiable risk parameters for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 13

Smoking, blood pressure, serum lipids, nutrition, physical activity level, alcohol intake, BMI

Question 14

List some non-modifiable risk parameters for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 14

Age,sex,family history, ethnicity, mental health

Question 15

When is mean arterial blood pressure considered to be hypertensive?

Answer 15

When it is above 100mmHg

Question 16

What is the formula for calculating MAP?

Answer 16

DP+(1/3xSP-DP)

Question 17

What is the SP and DP between for grade 1 hypertension?

Answer 17

SP: 140-159 and DP:90-99

Question 18

What is the SP and DP between for grade 2 hypertension?

Answer 18

SP: 160-179 and DP:100-109

Question 19

What is the SP and DP between for grade 3 hypertension?

Answer 19

SP: >180 and DP: >110

Question 20

What percentage of hypertension cases are primary/essential hypertension?

Answer 20

Approx 90%

Question 21

What is primary/essential hypertension correlated with?

Answer 21

high salt diet, drugs (nicotine, alcohol, other) family history, stress, diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis

Question 22

What is the cause of primary/essential hypertension?

Answer 22

TRICK QUESTION!!!! It is idiopathic!

Question 23

Whe does secondary hypertension occur?

Answer 23

It is secondary to another medical condition or mediation such as kidney disease, adrenal cortical disorders, oral contraceptives, cocaine, methamphetamines, sympathomimetic medications, erythropoietin

Question 24

Describe hypertensive crisis

Answer 24

Southern end extreme hypertension.

Question 25

What is the BP common with hypertensive emergency?

Answer 25

Over 180 mmHg for systolic pressure and over 120Hg for diastolic blood pressure with evidence of end organ damage

Question 26

What is the BP common with hypertensive urgency?

Answer 26

Over 180 mmHg for systolic pressure and over 100mmHg for diastolic blood pressure with NO evidence of end organ damage

Question 27

List of reasons why blood pressure varies as you get older?

Answer 27

Age related wearing tear is the primary cause, also atherosclerosis, loss of arterial elasticity, nicotine induced vascular damage.

Question 28

What could be considered normal BP for an adult over 65 years

Answer 28

150-85mmHg

Question 29

What are the steps of treating hypertension?

Answer 29

Determine if it is primary or secondary/pregnancy. Treat/manage pathology of pregnancy. First strategy is lifestyle modification. This includes salt or fat reduced diet,Weight loss, exercise, less alcohol consumption, smoking cessation.

Question 30

If blood pressure isn’t fixed by lifestyle modifications what can you do (five examples)

Answer 30

Add pharmacological interventions such as Ace inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, aldosterone receptor blockers, diuretics, calcium channel antagonists, alpha and beta receptor blockers

Question 31

Define circulatory shock?

Answer 31

Dramatic, haemodynamic and metabolic disturbances caused by inadequate blood supply and or oxygen delivery. May result from hypovolemia, cardiogenic effects, change in blood distribution

Question 32

List the three stages of shock?

Answer 32

Compensated, progressive, irreversible

Question 33

Describe compensated shock?

Answer 33

When the body attempts to compensate for reduced flow or oxygen delivery and can successfully restore bp to normal. Normally resolves within hours without any intervention

Question 34

Describe progressive shock?

Answer 34

Beyond a certain point, shock creates more shock. Compensatory mechanisms can no longer maintain sufficient BP to prevent cardiovascular deterioration of collapse.

Question 35

Describe irreversible Shock?

Answer 35

No therapy(eg transfusion,drugs, antibiotics) can prevent death due to irreversible tissue damage