Week 3 - Phonation Flashcards
What is the Source-Filter Model?
Source-Filter Model CHARACTERISES SPEECH SOUNDS in terms of:
- Sound Source (makes waves of pressure in air)
- Modification by ENVIRONMENT as soundwaves move out from SOURCE
EG NON SPEECH: wind winstruments
- trumpeter and trumpet
- didgeridoo effect w long tube
Phonation Definition
The Production or Utterance of Sounds
- action of the vocal folds in voicing types
What are the Sound Sources in Speech?
2 TYPES:
- Articulator Repeatedly+Rapidly closing off and opening up airstream
> (EG in Vocal Folds AND Trills) - turbulence caused by creating a narrow passage for the airstream to flow through
> (EG primarily fricatives (and affricates)
What is an Airstream?
In speech sounds the SOURCE requires a FLOW of AIR in the VOCAL TRACT = airstream
Characterised by
- DIRECTION of flow
- ACTION CAUSING the flow
Direction of Airflow characterisations
EGRESSIVE: Flowing OUTwards
INGRESSIVE: Flowing INwards
Action causing airflow characterisations
PULMONIC: airstream produced by action of the /lungs/
>majority of speech sounds. Direction egressive: not contrastive.
GLOTTALIC: airstreeam prod by movement of (closed) /glottis/
> implosives (ingressive) + Ejectives (egressive)
VELARIC: airstream prod. by action of /tongue/
> clicks (ingressive)
Sound Modification: Resonance
Sound produced by the source is then MODIFIED by the CONFIGURATION of the rest of the VOCAL TRACT
eg: Position and Shape of TONGUE
eg: Roundness of LIPS
- phys obj. have resonance properties = natural tendency for vibration at partic FREQUENCIES
Each overall config. of the vocal tract encloses a body of air that resonates in a SPECIFIC way n it has its OWN RESONANCE PROPERTIES
The GLOTTIS (Vocal FOlds
Ligaments, muscle, mucous membrane
- keep water out lungs
- allow lungs to be kept at high pressure
- Control flow of airstream through larynx
-The term “GLOTTIS” refers to the FOLDS +
CONFIG (especially with regard to any space between them).
GLOTTIS is PLACE of ARTICULATION of Glottal Stop + Fricative
PHONATION: action of the vocal folds in voicing types
VOICING
Voiced
The EDGES of the FOLDS are held loosely together in such a way that AIR under pressure from the lungs can PASS between the folds only in VERY SMALL BURSTS. (rapid)
- REPEAT many times per sec
= creates reg. pulses which result in waves of pressure
VOICING CREATE A A PERIODIC (regular) WAVE
VOICING
Voiceless
FOLDS held RELATIVELY WIDE apart and airstream pass thru rel. UNDISTURBED
(default setting of the glottis for breathing)
Phonation types
- Whispering
- Creaky Voice
- Murmur
- Glottal stop
Phonation types
WHISPERING
(voiceless) whispering:
FOLDS held /closely/ together = NARROW OPENING + HIGH ENRGY AIRSTREAM
- induces turbulence (APERIODIC SOUND)
Phonation types
CREAKY VOICE
Creak:
REAR of folds TIGHTLY TOGETHER but air allowed to pass thru FRONT of glottis in SMALL BURSTS
- very low frequency
- eg. vocal fry !
Phonation types
MURMUR
Murmur: BREATHY, VOICED WHISPER
folds held APART but RATE of airflow SO HIGH = folds “FLAP IN BREEZE”
Phonation types
GLOTTAL STOP
Folds tightly together NO AIRFLOW
