Phonetic Properties/Distinctive Features Flashcards
[+syllabic]
Major Class Feature
Constitute a SYLLABLE NUCLEUS around which segments may be gathered to form a syllable:
- vowels, as in [bæt], and syllabic consonants as in [bɔtl̩], [ps̩t] bɐt(n)
[-syllabic]
Major Class Feature
Non-syllabic consonants, including
glides and -
nonsyllabic laterals and nasals, eg in [læm]
[+consonantal]
Major Class Feature
Prod w SUSTAINED CONSTRICTION that is at least EQUAL to that req. for a FRICATIVE (in the central line of the oral cavity):
stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids (laterals, rhotics), tap, trill. Some pharyngeal fricatives/ approximants depending on the degree of frication.
[-consonantal]
Major Class Feature
- vowels, glides,
- glottal fricatives and glottal stop
[+sonorant]
Major Class Feature
Articulation is sufficiently OPEN that the air pressure inside and outside the mouth is approximately equal: vowels, approximants (glides, liquids), nasals, glottal fricatives and glottal stop. Most sonorants are typically but not necessarily voiced
[-sonorant]
(OBSTRUENTS)
Major Class Feature
obstruent is a speech sound such as [k], [d͡ʒ], or [f] that is formed by obstructing airflow.
aka obstruents: non-glottal stops and fricatives
Major Class Features
Syllabic
Sonorant
Consonantal
(Oral) Place Features
C(AD) L(R) D(HLB)
(Cad Lr)
- Coronal
- Anterior
- Distributed
- Labial
- Round
- Dorsal
(Dorsal: HLB)
- High
- Low
- Back
[+coronal]
[+coronal]:
Involving TIP or BLADE of tongue: laminal and apical sounds.
z, s, ð, θ, ʒ, ʃ, n, d, t, ɹ, l, r, ɾ
Laminal
formed with the BLADE of the tongue touching the ALVEOLAR RIDGE
Apical
formed with the TIP of the tongue at or near the front TEETH or the ALVEOLAR RIDGE, for example th or trilled r.
[+anterior]
CORONAL sounds produced at the ALVEOLAR RIDGE OR FORWARD
alveolars, dentals (& linguo-labials?)
[-anterior]
CORONAL sounds produced BEHIND the ALVEOLAR RIDGE: - post-alveolars
[+distributed]
CORONAL sounds produced with a GREATER area of CONSTRICTION: laminals.
[-distributed]
CORONAL sounds produced with a LESSER area of CONSTRICTION: apicals.
[+labial]
Articulation involves ONE or BOTH lips:
- bilabials, labiodentals,
- rounded vowels, glides and other consonants.
[+rnd]
Produced with lip-rounding or protrusion: rounded vowels, [w], labialised consonants.
All [+round] sounds are automatically [+labial].
[-rnd]
Produced without lip-rounding or protrusion.
[+Dorsal]
Involving BODY of tongue as ARTICULATOR: PVU,V
Palatals,
Velars,
Uvulars;
- all Vowels
[±high]
[+hi] Produced with tongue body raised from neutral position: high vowels and glides, palatalised and velarised sounds.
[-hi] All other dorsal sounds
[±low]
[+lo] Produced with tongue body lowered from neutral position: low vowels (and possibly pharyngeals).
[-lo] All other dorsal sounds.
[±back]
[+ba] Produced with tongue body moved back from neutral position:
back and central vowels and glides, velars, uvulars, velarised and uvularised sounds.
[-ba] All other dorsal sounds.
Manner Features
Coconut Sally Lives Near Tiny Animal Cages
- Continuant
- Strident
- Lateral
- Nasal
- Tense
- ATR
- CP
[+continuant]
Constriction IN THE ORAL CAVITY is not narrow enough to COMPLETELY block ORAL airflow:
- Vowels, Glides, Fricatives
- (Probably) rhotics/lateral consonants
[-continuant]
NASAL consonants and STOPS
[+strident]
CONTINUANTS w HIGH-INTENSITY FRICATION
- Fricatives + Affricates
- eg [f] [v] [s] [ʃ] [χ] [ʁ] [ɬ] [ɮ]
[-strident]
[+continuant] without high-intensity frication
[+lateral]
Prod. w LATERAL AIRSTREAM
- Lateral approximants/fricatives
[+nasal]
NASAL AIRFLOW
- nasal + nasalised consonsnats, nasalised vowels + glides
[+tense]
prod w/ GREATER/SUSTAINED articulatory effort - mostly restricted to VOWELS
[+ATR]
adv tong root
PROD w TONGUE ROOT in ADVANCED position
[+CP]
Prod. w CONStRICTED PHARYNX - Pharyngeals
Laryngeal Features
- voiced
- spread glottis
- constricted glottis
[+voi]
prod w (relatively) GREATER voicing
[-voi]
prod w NO (relatively little) voicing
[+SG]
Vocal Folds = held APART
- asp. consonants, voiceless sonorants, glottal fricatives
[+CG]
Vocal Folds = drawn TOGETHER
PREVENTING VOICING
- ejectives, glottalised/laryngealised sounds and [ʔ]
