Week 2 - Review of Place + Manner of Articulation Flashcards
In Phonetics: DESCRIPTION skills
Describe the articulatory properties of a range of phones.
In Phonetics:
TRANSCRIPTION skills
Represent a phone with the appropriate symbol ± diacritics.
In Phonetics:
AUDITORY skills
Developing a sense of what a range of phones ‘sound like’.
• ability to recognise or distinguish
In Phonetics:
PRODUCTION skills
Developing the ability to produce a range of phones
Challenges in Learning Phonetics:
- Bias from first/known languages
- influence from orthography (AND HOW WE TAUGHT 2 SPELL IN SCHOOL)
Contriction: What are Place and Manner of Articulation?
PLACE: the articulators which form the constrictions (mostly using technical names for the parts of the vocal tract)
MANNER: the TYPE of constriction of airflow involved
Complex consonants involve >1 constriction.
- segmentation: sequential type vs sequence of phones eg [tʃ]
Explain terminology of Place of articulation
Specify ACTIVE + PASSIVE articulator
- EG; [t] is apico-alveolar
> apico= tongue tip ACTIVE articulator
> alveolar= ridge behind teeth is PASSIVE articulator
SOME dont involve passive vs active, eg [b]
SOME CASES: Passive term used as shorthand for active+passive, eg alveolar
OTHER CASES: active articulator term is used eg laminal
Bilabial
A constriction involving both lips is bilabial
[b] [p] [m] [β]
Labio-dental
Any constriction involving lower lip and upper teeth is labio-dental
[f] [v]
- [ɱ] in casual pronunciation of ‘emphatic’
Linguo-Labial
Tongue makes a constriction with the upper lip = linguo-labial
Only found in a few languages of Vanuaatu
[ t̼] in Tangoa [t̼ɛt̼ɛ] ‘butterlfy’
Dental
The tongue makes a constriction with the upper teeth
TIP of tongue + teeth = APICO-dental
BLADE of tongue + teeth = LAMINO-dental
[θ] [ð] [t̪] [n̪]
*note dental diacritic
Apico-Alveolar (Alveolar)
Constriction made by the tongue and the alveolar ridge
tip: apico-alveolar n (alveolar)
[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]
RETROFLEX
- apico-post-alveolar
- sublamino-post-alveolar
Constriction made by CURLING the tongue TIP BACK so that it makes a constriction ABOVE the ALVEOLAR RIDGE
[ɻ] in English ‘carry’
[ɳ] in Arrernte [məɳə] ‘food’
[ʈ] in Arrernte [ʈəʈə] ‘mud’
[ɭ] in Arrernte [maɭə] ‘female’
Palato-Alveolar = IPA chart POST-ALVEOLAR
Constriction made by the BLADE of tongue and the area UP from the ALVEOLAR RIDGE
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
Palatal
Constriction made by RAISING the tongue BODY to the high point of the HARD PALATE
[ j ] as in [ju] ‘you’
[ç] as in (some) German ‘Ich’
[ɲ] as in Spanish ‘Señor’
[ʎ] as in Italian fiiglio ‘son’
(dorso-) VELAR
VELAR
Constriction made by raising the tongue body back up to the SOFT PALATE (or VELUM)
[k] as in ‘kick’ [g] as in ‘big’ [ŋ] as in ‘sing’ [x] as in Scottish Eng ‘loch’ [ɣ] as in ‘recognition’
Uvular
Constriction between the BODY of the tongue and the UVULA
[ʁ] (Rouge)
voiceless [q] = Quechua [qaʎu]
Pharyngeal
Constriction made by the ROOT of the tongue and the BACK WALL of the PHARYNX
[ʕ]
Epiglottal
Constriction made by the EPIGLOTTIS and ROOT of the tongue against the back wall of the PHARYNX
[ʡ]
Glottal/Laryngeal
Constriction made by the VOCAL FOLDS (glottis)
- [ʔ] as in Cockney ‘bottle’ or ‘glottal’
- voiceless [h] or voiced [ɦ] in ‘ahead’
What is Manner of Articulation?
describes the type of constriction made by the articulators
3 MAIN TYPES
- DEGREE of constriction
>stop>fricative>approx (>vowel)
- ACTION of articulator
-PATH of airflow
Degree of Constriction:
Stop
aka: Plosive
Airflow COMPLETELY BLOCKED by constriction
[p] [b] [d] , glottal[ʔ] (cockney = bo’(tt)le) etc
Degree of Constriction:
Fricative
NARROW constriction causes TURBULENCE in the AIRSTREAM as it passes through
- characteristic HISSING EFFECT - aperiodic sound waves
[z] [x] (loch) [ɸ] (fuji)
Degree of Constriction:
Approximant
RELATIVELY open constriction - LITTLE or NO airstream turbulence
[j] [ɹ] [w] [l] [ɻ]
Action of articulator:
Tap/flap
a very brief stop, some made when one articulator passes another.
FLAP: brief contact as active articulator passes
TAP: active articulator as for stop but very brief
- alveolar [ɾ] in casual pronunciation of ‘better’
- retroflex [ɽ] in Warlpiri [maɽa] ‘handle’ > tongue curled back then makes contact as it =licks forward again
Action of articulator:
Trill
Loosely held articulator is VIBRATING MOTION by airflow
- alveolar [r] in Spanish perro ‘dog’ (vs alveolar tap in pero ‘but’)
- n uvular [ʀ] in conservative French ‘Paris’
Path of Airflow:
Nasal
Airflow through NASAL CAVITY
- constriction in mouth prevents oral airflow
- velum (sft palate) lowered to allow nasal airflow
[m] [n] [ŋ]
- nasal vowel in French [bɒ̃] bon ‘good’ *
note nasal diacritic
Path of Airflow:
LATERAL (vs Central)
Lateral sounds have an AIRFLOW that runs THRU ONE or BOTH /SIDES/ of the mouth but NOT along the CENTRAL line
[l] [ɬ] [ɮ]
OTHER oral sounds = central.
NOTE: “central” mainly used of approximants to distinguish from lateral approx.
