Week 3 Nervous System Flashcards
what are the functions of glia cells
support, nurture and protect cells
What is the myelin sheath made by
schwann cells - PNS
oligodenrocytes - CNS
what are the steps of synaptic transmission?
Ambulances can’t vape nervous babies
- action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal.
- voltage-gated Ca+ ions open and calcium enters the terminal
- vesicles merge with the membrane of the presynaptic membrane
- The neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis and diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
- The neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post synaptic membrane.
What happens to the left over neurotransmitters
- destroyed by enzymes
- re-uptake into presynaptic cleft.
- diffuse into presynaptic cleft.
What are the stages of an action potential
Depolarisation - voltage gated sodium channels open and sodium ions enter the cell. Resulting in the cell becoming more negative.
Repolarisation - voltage gated sodium channel closes and potassium channel opens, letting potassium move out of the cell. cell becomes more negative.
Hyperpolarisation - voltage gated potassium channels is slow to close which results in an efflux of potassium leaving the cell.
What are the two types of neurotransmitters to know
Achetycholine
Adrenaline
What does the CNS and PNS contain?
CNS - Brain and spinal cord
PNS - all neural tissue outside of the CNS
What does efferent and afferent mean
efferent (motor) - impulses transmit from the CNS to the PNS (muscles and glands)
afferent (sensory) - transmits impulses from the PNS (muscles and glands) to the CNS.
What does sensory and motor system do.
sensory - receives information from the environment and body.
motor - sends information from the CNS to muscles and glands.
What are the lobes of the brain?
Frontal
Parietal
temporal
Occipital
What is the role of the sodium potassium pump
Moves the sodium ions into the cell whilst simultaneously moving potassium ions out of the cell.
what is the corpus callosum
the main connection between the two cerebral hemispheres
where is the primary motor cortex found?
frontal lobe
where is the primary somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
what are the functions of the temporal lobe
auditory cortex and sensory speech centre
what is the difference between one and two neuron pathway
one neuron pathway - from neuron to effector muscle.
two neuron - one neuron to another neuron
The period during an action potential when potassium ions leave the axon is known as
repolarisation
Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in
presynaptic vesicles
where is grey and white matter located on the spinal cord
inside - grey matter
outside - white matter
What does grey and white matter contain
grey matter - cell bodies
white matter - myelinated fibres
what is grey and white matter located on the brain
inside - white matter
outside - grey matter
what are dorsal and ventral roots
where the spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord.
What is the efferent division of the PNS.
somamotor - voluntary movements (one neuron pathway.
Autonomic - autonomic functions (two neuron pathway)
What is the pathway of the somatomotor system
Motor neuron > skeletal muscles > (mainly) voluntary movement
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
parasympathetic
what neuron pathway is the autonomic nervous system
two neuron pathway
What do the neurons come from autonomic nervous system (2 neruon pathway)
1st neuron - CNS to a ganglion
2nd - from a ganglion to the effector organ/cell.
What is the neurotransmitters involved in the autonomic nervous system
achetlycoline
what is affected in the parasympathetic nervous system
Heart
Smooth muscles
Glands
which neurotransmitters and hormones are involved in the sympathetic nervous system.
achetlycoline
noradrenaline
what receptors does noradrenaline act on
adrenergic receptors
What is the adrenal medulla
part of the adrenal gland which is involved in the sympathetic nervous system.
what does the adrenal medulla release
adrenaline and noradrenaline
List the location of the ganglion in the sympathetic NS
ganglia close to the CNS
short fibres on the pre-ganglion
long fibres on the post-ganglion
List the location of the ganglion in the parasympathetic NS
ganglia far from the CNS
long fibres on the pre- ganglion
short fibres on the post-ganglion
Where do the sympathetic nerves originate from
thoracolumbar origin
Where do the parasympathetic nerves originate from
carniosacral origin
what is the function of the occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
