Week 3 Nervous System

Question 1

what are the functions of glia cells

Answer 1

support, nurture and protect cells

Question 2

What is the myelin sheath made by

Answer 2

schwann cells - PNS

oligodenrocytes - CNS

Question 3

what are the steps of synaptic transmission?

Answer 3

Ambulances can’t vape nervous babies

1. action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal.
2. voltage-gated Ca+ ions open and calcium enters the terminal
3. vesicles merge with the membrane of the presynaptic membrane
4. The neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis and diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
5. The neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post synaptic membrane.

Question 4

What happens to the left over neurotransmitters

Answer 4

• destroyed by enzymes
• re-uptake into presynaptic cleft.
• diffuse into presynaptic cleft.

Question 5

What are the stages of an action potential

Answer 5

Depolarisation - voltage gated sodium channels open and sodium ions enter the cell. Resulting in the cell becoming more negative.

Repolarisation - voltage gated sodium channel closes and potassium channel opens, letting potassium move out of the cell. cell becomes more negative.

Hyperpolarisation - voltage gated potassium channels is slow to close which results in an efflux of potassium leaving the cell.

Question 6

What are the two types of neurotransmitters to know

Answer 6

Achetycholine

Adrenaline

Question 7

What does the CNS and PNS contain?

Answer 7

CNS - Brain and spinal cord
PNS - all neural tissue outside of the CNS

Question 8

What does efferent and afferent mean

Answer 8

efferent (motor) - impulses transmit from the CNS to the PNS (muscles and glands)

afferent (sensory) - transmits impulses from the PNS (muscles and glands) to the CNS.

Question 9

What does sensory and motor system do.

Answer 9

sensory - receives information from the environment and body.

motor - sends information from the CNS to muscles and glands.

Question 10

What are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 10

Frontal
Parietal
temporal
Occipital

Question 11

What is the role of the sodium potassium pump

Answer 11

Moves the sodium ions into the cell whilst simultaneously moving potassium ions out of the cell.

Question 12

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 12

the main connection between the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 13

where is the primary motor cortex found?

Answer 13

frontal lobe

Question 14

where is the primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 14

parietal lobe

Question 15

what are the functions of the temporal lobe

Answer 15

auditory cortex and sensory speech centre

Question 16

what is the difference between one and two neuron pathway

Answer 16

one neuron pathway - from neuron to effector muscle.

two neuron - one neuron to another neuron

Question 17

The period during an action potential when potassium ions leave the axon is known as

Answer 17

repolarisation

Question 18

Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in

Answer 18

presynaptic vesicles

Question 19

where is grey and white matter located on the spinal cord

Answer 19

inside - grey matter
outside - white matter

Question 20

What does grey and white matter contain

Answer 20

grey matter - cell bodies

white matter - myelinated fibres

Question 21

what is grey and white matter located on the brain

Answer 21

inside - white matter
outside - grey matter

Question 22

what are dorsal and ventral roots

Answer 22

where the spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord.

Question 23

What is the efferent division of the PNS.

Answer 23

somamotor - voluntary movements (one neuron pathway.

Autonomic - autonomic functions (two neuron pathway)

Question 24

What is the pathway of the somatomotor system

Answer 24

Motor neuron > skeletal muscles > (mainly) voluntary movement

Question 25

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 25

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Question 26

what neuron pathway is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 26

two neuron pathway

Question 27

What do the neurons come from autonomic nervous system (2 neruon pathway)

Answer 27

1st neuron - CNS to a ganglion

2nd - from a ganglion to the effector organ/cell.

Question 28

What is the neurotransmitters involved in the autonomic nervous system

Answer 28

achetlycoline

Question 29

what is affected in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

Heart

Smooth muscles

Glands

Question 30

which neurotransmitters and hormones are involved in the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 30

achetlycoline

noradrenaline

Question 31

what receptors does noradrenaline act on

Answer 31

adrenergic receptors

Question 32

What is the adrenal medulla

Answer 32

part of the adrenal gland which is involved in the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 33

what does the adrenal medulla release

Answer 33

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 34

List the location of the ganglion in the sympathetic NS

Answer 34

ganglia close to the CNS

short fibres on the pre-ganglion

long fibres on the post-ganglion

Question 35

List the location of the ganglion in the parasympathetic NS

Answer 35

ganglia far from the CNS

long fibres on the pre- ganglion

short fibres on the post-ganglion

Question 36

Where do the sympathetic nerves originate from

Answer 36

thoracolumbar origin

Question 37

Where do the parasympathetic nerves originate from

Answer 37

carniosacral origin

Question 38

what is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 38

primary visual cortex