Week 1: Levels of organisation | Cells & tissues | Homeostasis Flashcards
What is the level of organisation in the human body from smallest to largest
chemical, cells, tissue, organ level, organ system and organism.
Superior
Towards the head, or the upper part of structure
example: heart is superior to the liver
Inferior
away from the head, or the lower part of the body
example: stomach is inferior to the lungs
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
example: the sternum is anterior to the heart
Posterior
Nearer or at the back of the body
example: the oesophagus is posterior to the trachea
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
example: the ulna is medial to the radius
Proximal
Closer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
example: the humerus is proximal to the radius
Distal
Further from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
example: the phalanges are distal to the wrist.
Superfical
Towards or on the surface of the body
example: ribs are superficial to the lungs.
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
example: ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.
Lateral
Farther from the midline
example: lungs are lateral to the heart
Midsagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body down the midline.
Transerve Plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior (front & back) portions.
Oblique plane
cuts through the body at an angle other than 90 degrees.
Pleural cavity
fluid filled space which surrounds the lungs.
Vertebral cacity
Conatins the spinal cord.
Cranial cavity
Encases the brain and bones of the vertebral column.
Pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine and internal organs of the reproductive system.
Pericardial cavity
fluid filled space which surrounds the heart and the pleural cavities.
Superior mediastinum
between the lungs extending from the sternum.
Abdominopelvic cavity
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
Organelle
membrane inside of the cell which has specific structure and fuctions.
Nucelus
controls and houses most the cells DNA.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
modifies and transport proteins
Ribososmes
site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Generates most of the cells ATP (energy).
Plasma membrane
physical selectively permerable barrier which separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid.
cytoplasm
cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucelus.
Phosolipid bilayer
contains hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving) and hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating).
Simple diffusion
the passive movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration via a semi-permeable membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
the passive movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration via transport proteins.
Osmosis
the net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
What is Homeostasis
the body’s ability to maintain equilibrium in the internal environment with interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
How does the body maintain homeostasis via the nervous system?
sends electrical messages known as nerve impulses to the organs which can act to cause a reaction.
Short rapid, targeted responses.
How does the body maintain homeostasis via the endocrine system?
sends chemical messages known as hormones from the glands into the blood.
Slow widespread long responses.
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?
Negative feedback slows and stops as the controlled condition returns.
Whereas positive feedback continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition.
Hypertonic solution
Lower concentration of solute inside the cell compared to outside of the cell
Hypotonic solution
Higher concentration of solute inside the cell compared to the outside of the cell.
Isotonic solution
The same concentration of solutes inside and outside of the cell.
