Week 2 Body Defences Flashcards
what is microbiology
the study of tiny living organisms which can reproduce independently. It is essential for the decomposition and recycling of nutrients
what are the two classifications of cells
Prokaryote
Eukaryote (human)
What are the characteristics of a Eukaryote cell?
- large
- multicellular but can be unicelluar
- has membrane organelles
-sexual production
What are the characteristics of a Prokaryote cell?
- small
- lacks a nucleus
- unicellular
- asexual production
What are some examples of Eukaryote cells?
- Protozoa e.g. malaria
- fungi/yeast/mold e.g tinea
- helminths e.g. Guinea worm
What are some examples of Prokaryote cells
Bacteria e.g staph
is a virus prokaryote or eurkayote?
Neither, they are considered not living.
what are the growth requirements for bacteria?
Temperature
pH
Oxygen
What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative stains?
Gram-positive (thicker)
- capable of forming spores
- results in reinfection
- easy to kill
Gram-negative
- produces endotoxins (harder to kill)
e.g. E. coli
What is the role of normal flora in the body?
protect against potentially harmful microorganisms
What is a negative of normal flora?
it can become an opportunistic pathogen. It can potentially cause harm to the body.
what are two forms of indirect contact transmission of microbes.
Vehicle - transferred from a source e.g. water, food
Vector - pathogens via a host e.g. animal (mosquito)
What are the differences between, sterlisation, disinfection and sanitsation
sterilisation - destruction/ elimination of all microbes
Disinfection - elimination of most pathogens removed (not bacterial spores)
Sanitation - safe disposal of human urine and faeces.
What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
skin, glands, hair and nails
What are the layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Explain the epidermis layer
the first layer of the cutaneous membrane. which contains the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
what are the cells in the epidermis layer?
Keratinocytes
melanocytes
Basal cells
Explain the dermis layer
the dermis layer is the second layer of the cutaneous membrane. It contains connective tissue mainly collagen and elastin. Highly vascularised and innervated
Explain the hypodermis layer
the hypodermis layer is the subcutaneous layer. It anchors the skin to underlying structures
List the accessory structures
Hair
Hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
defending against pathogens and cancer cells
What are the three components of the lymphatic system?
Lymp
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic organs/tissues
What is the lymph
fluid connective tissue which contains lymphocytes and macrophages
explain the difference between T and B cell lymphocytes
B cells that mature in the bone marrow whereas t cells mature in the thymus.
What are lymphatic vessels?
where the lymph is transported through special tubes (capillaries and vessels) to the venous system and heart.
What are the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?
Primary
- red bone marrow
- thymus
secondary
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- appedix
define immunity
Being resistant to injury, particularly by poisons, foreign proteins and invading pathogens. i.e. resistant to infection and disease
What is specific (acquired)
involved in the third line of defence in which a specific antigen is targeted.
What is non-specific (innate)
The same response to every cell
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- Drain excess fluid
- transport dietary lipids
- carries out immune responses
what are the types of T lymphocytes cells
T- helper - activate other immune cells
T - Cytotoxic cell
T - supressor
T- memory
What are the types of B- lymphocytes cells
Plasma cells - make antibodies
B memory - rapid response for future infections
What is involved in the 3rd line of defence
Cell- mediated (T cells)
Humoral immunity (B cells)
What are the responses of the 2nd line of defence
Fever
Cellular (phagocytes)
inflammation (histamines)
Where is resident flora found
the intestines
what makes up the integumentary system
skin, glands, hair and nails
What are lymphocytes
type of cell which helps to fight the bodies immunity.
what is an antigen
anything capable of inducing an immune response
e..g microbes etc
What are antibodies
proteins which are made from antigens
