Week 2 Body Defences

Question 1

what is microbiology

Answer 1

the study of tiny living organisms which can reproduce independently. It is essential for the decomposition and recycling of nutrients

Question 2

what are the two classifications of cells

Answer 2

Prokaryote
Eukaryote (human)

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a Eukaryote cell?

Answer 3

• large
• multicellular but can be unicelluar
• has membrane organelles
  -sexual production

Question 4

What are the characteristics of a Prokaryote cell?

Answer 4

• small
• lacks a nucleus
• unicellular
• asexual production

Question 5

What are some examples of Eukaryote cells?

Answer 5

• Protozoa e.g. malaria
• fungi/yeast/mold e.g tinea
• helminths e.g. Guinea worm

Question 6

What are some examples of Prokaryote cells

Answer 6

Bacteria e.g staph

Question 7

is a virus prokaryote or eurkayote?

Answer 7

Neither, they are considered not living.

Question 8

what are the growth requirements for bacteria?

Answer 8

Temperature
pH
Oxygen

Question 9

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative stains?

Answer 9

Gram-positive (thicker)
- capable of forming spores
- results in reinfection
- easy to kill

Gram-negative
- produces endotoxins (harder to kill)
e.g. E. coli

Question 10

What is the role of normal flora in the body?

Answer 10

protect against potentially harmful microorganisms

Question 11

What is a negative of normal flora?

Answer 11

it can become an opportunistic pathogen. It can potentially cause harm to the body.

Question 12

what are two forms of indirect contact transmission of microbes.

Answer 12

Vehicle - transferred from a source e.g. water, food

Vector - pathogens via a host e.g. animal (mosquito)

Question 13

What are the differences between, sterlisation, disinfection and sanitsation

Answer 13

sterilisation - destruction/ elimination of all microbes

Disinfection - elimination of most pathogens removed (not bacterial spores)

Sanitation - safe disposal of human urine and faeces.

Question 14

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 14

skin, glands, hair and nails

Question 15

What are the layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)

Answer 15

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

Question 16

Explain the epidermis layer

Answer 16

the first layer of the cutaneous membrane. which contains the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 17

what are the cells in the epidermis layer?

Answer 17

Keratinocytes
melanocytes
Basal cells

Question 18

Explain the dermis layer

Answer 18

the dermis layer is the second layer of the cutaneous membrane. It contains connective tissue mainly collagen and elastin. Highly vascularised and innervated

Question 19

Explain the hypodermis layer

Answer 19

the hypodermis layer is the subcutaneous layer. It anchors the skin to underlying structures

Question 20

List the accessory structures

Answer 20

Hair
Hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails

Question 21

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 21

defending against pathogens and cancer cells

Question 22

What are the three components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 22

Lymp
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic organs/tissues

Question 23

What is the lymph

Answer 23

fluid connective tissue which contains lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 24

explain the difference between T and B cell lymphocytes

Answer 24

B cells that mature in the bone marrow whereas t cells mature in the thymus.

Question 25

What are lymphatic vessels?

Answer 25

where the lymph is transported through special tubes (capillaries and vessels) to the venous system and heart.

Question 26

What are the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

Answer 26

Primary
- red bone marrow
- thymus

secondary
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- appedix

Question 27

define immunity

Answer 27

Being resistant to injury, particularly by poisons, foreign proteins and invading pathogens. i.e. resistant to infection and disease

Question 28

What is specific (acquired)

Answer 28

involved in the third line of defence in which a specific antigen is targeted.

Question 29

What is non-specific (innate)

Answer 29

The same response to every cell

Question 30

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 30

1. Drain excess fluid
2. transport dietary lipids
3. carries out immune responses

Question 31

what are the types of T lymphocytes cells

Answer 31

T- helper - activate other immune cells

T - Cytotoxic cell

T - supressor

T- memory

Question 32

What are the types of B- lymphocytes cells

Answer 32

Plasma cells - make antibodies

B memory - rapid response for future infections

Question 33

What is involved in the 3rd line of defence

Answer 33

Cell- mediated (T cells)

Humoral immunity (B cells)

Question 34

What are the responses of the 2nd line of defence

Answer 34

Fever
Cellular (phagocytes)
inflammation (histamines)

Question 35

Where is resident flora found

Answer 35

the intestines

Question 36

what makes up the integumentary system

Answer 36

skin, glands, hair and nails

Question 37

What are lymphocytes

Answer 37

type of cell which helps to fight the bodies immunity.

Question 38

what is an antigen

Answer 38

anything capable of inducing an immune response

e..g microbes etc

Question 39

What are antibodies

Answer 39

proteins which are made from antigens