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PSYC317 Test 1 > Week 3 Lecture Content > Flashcards

Week 3 Lecture Content Flashcards

1
Q

What is hunger?

A

A negative state that compels us to eat.

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2
Q

What is eating?

A

The act of chewing and swallowing food.

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment, as introduced by Walter Cannon.

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4
Q

What is absorption and where does it occur in the body?

A

The process of taking in nutrients, primarily occurring in the small intestine.

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5
Q

What are hormones?

A

Substances produced and released from endocrine glands that travel via blood to reach target tissues and exert effects.

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6
Q

Absorption is the process of taking in nutrients, primarily occurring in the _____ _________.

A

small intestine.

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7
Q

Hormones are substances produced and released from _________ ______ that travel via blood to reach target tissues and exert effects.

A

endocrine glands

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8
Q

What is the brain’s preferred energy molecule, and where does it get this energy from?

A

The brain’s preferred energy molecule is glucose.

It gets this energy primarily from carbohydrates in the diet, which are broken down into glucose during digestion.

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9
Q

What is the glucostatic theory (1940s)?

A

The body aims to maintain blood glucose at a set point.

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10
Q

What is the lipostatic theory (1950s)?

A

The body aims to maintain body fat percentage at a set point.

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11
Q

Compare and contrast the glucostatic and lipostatic set-point theories of feeding behaviour.

A

These theories suggest that the body works to maintain stable energy levels by monitoring both short-term (blood glucose) and long-term (body fat) energy stores.

However, current understanding has shifted from purely set-point theories to positive-incentive theories, which consider multiple factors influencing eating, including body state, nutrient balance, pleasure, learning, and environment.

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12
Q

Glucostatic and lipostatic set-point theories of feeding behaviour suggest that the body works to maintain stable energy levels by monitoring both short-term (____ ____) and long-term (____ ____) energy stores.

A

Glucostatic and lipostatic set-point theories of feeding behaviour suggest that the body works to maintain stable energy levels by monitoring both short-term (blood glucose) and long-term (body fat) energy stores.

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13
Q

Glucostatic theory (1940s) and Lipostatic theory (1950s) suggest that the body works to maintain stable energy levels by monitoring both short-term (blood glucose) and long-term (body fat) energy stores.

Does our body adhere to a set-point idea?

A

Current understanding has shifted from purely set-point theories to positive-incentive theories, which consider multiple factors influencing eating, including body state, nutrient balance, pleasure, learning, and environment. This shift recognises that the body doesn’t strictly adhere to a set-point idea, but rather responds to a complex interplay of factors.

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14
Q

Glucostatic theory (1940s) and Lipostatic theory (1950s) suggest that the body works to maintain stable energy levels by monitoring both short-term (blood glucose) and long-term (body fat) energy stores.

However, current understanding has shifted from purely ______ theories to _________ theories, which consider multiple factors influencing eating, including body state, nutrient balance, pleasure, learning, and environment. This shift recognises that the body doesn’t strictly adhere to a set-point idea, but rather responds to a complex interplay of factors.

A

However, current understanding has shifted from purely set-point theories to positive-incentive theories

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15
Q

Glucostatic theory (1940s) and Lipostatic theory (1950s) suggest that the body works to maintain stable energy levels by monitoring both short-term (blood glucose) and long-term (body fat) energy stores.

However, current understanding has shifted from purely set-point theories to positive-incentive theories, which consider multiple factors influencing eating, including b____ s_____, n________ b_______, p________, l________, and e__________. This shift recognises that the body doesn’t strictly adhere to a set-point idea, but rather responds to a complex interplay of factors.

A

However, current understanding has shifted from purely set-point theories to positive-incentive theories, which consider multiple factors influencing eating, including body state, nutrient balance, pleasure, learning, and environment. This shift recognises that the body doesn’t strictly adhere to a set-point idea, but rather responds to a complex interplay of factors.

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16
Q

What role does the Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) have in feeding behaviour?

A

Associated with satiety; lesions cause hyperphagia.

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17
Q

What is hyperphagia?

A

An abnormally great desire for food; excessive eating

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18
Q

What role does the lateral hypothalamus (LH) have in feeding behaviour?

A

Associated with hunger and eating initiation; lesions cause aphasia and adipsia.

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19
Q

What is adipsia?

A

Absence of thirst even in the presence of body water depletion or salt excess

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20
Q

What role does the arcuate nucleus have in feeding behaviour?

A

Key integration point for hunger and satiety signals

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21
Q

What role does the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have in feeding behaviour?

A

Involved in appetite regulation.

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22
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons: ____ neurons and ____ neurons

A

POMC neurons and NPY neurons

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23
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons: the ____ neurons act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism.

A

POMC

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24
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons: ____ neurons act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism.

A

NPY

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25
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

Hormones like insulin, leptin, and PYY _______ NPY neurons and _______ POMC neurons, promoting satiety.

(inhibit or activate)

A

Hormones like insulin, leptin, and PYY inhibit NPY neurons and activate POMC neurons, promoting satiety.

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26
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

Hormones like _______, ______, and ___ inhibit NPY neurons and activate POMC neurons, promoting satiety.

A

Hormones like insulin, leptin, and PYY inhibit NPY neurons and activate POMC neurons, promoting satiety.

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27
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

Hormones like insulin, leptin, and PYY inhibit ____ neurons and activate ____ neurons, promoting ______.

A

Hormones like insulin, leptin, and PYY inhibit NPY neurons and activate POMC neurons, promoting satiety.

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28
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

_______ activates NPY neurons and indirectly inhibits POMC neurons, promoting hunger.

A

Ghrelin

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29
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

Ghrelin activates ____ neurons and indirectly inhibits ____ neurons, promoting _______.

A

Ghrelin activates NPY neurons and indirectly inhibits POMC neurons, promoting hunger.

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30
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

___ neurons project to orexigenic neurons in the LH and inhibit anorexigenic neurons in the PVN.

A

NPY

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31
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

NPY neurons project to __________ neurons in the LH and inhibit __________ neurons in the PVN.

(orexigenic or anorexigenic)

A

NPY neurons project to orexigenic neurons in the LH and inhibit anorexigenic neurons in the PVN.

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32
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

____ neurons project to anorexigenic neurons in the PVN and inhibit orexigenic neurons in the LH.

A

POMC

33
Q

The arcuate nucleus circuitry contains two important types of neurons POMC Neurons (act as satiety neurons, inhibit appetite, promote metabolism) and NPY neurons (act as hunger neurons, stimulate appetite, reduce metabolism).

POMC neurons project to __________ neurons in the PVN and inhibit __________ neurons in the LH.

(orexigenic or anorexigenic)

A

POMC neurons project to anorexigenic neurons in the PVN and inhibit orexigenic neurons in the LH.

34
Q

What periphery physiological mechanisms contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating?

A

Low blood glucose and fatty acids

Empty stomach signals (somatosensory and endocrine)

Ghrelin production by stomach cells

35
Q

What physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating?

A

Ghrelin activates NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus

NPY neurons release neuropeptide Y and AgRP, stimulating appetite

Activation of orexigenic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

36
Q

What periphery physiological mechanisms contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion?

A

High blood glucose and insulin levels

Distended stomach

PYY and CCK release from intestines

Leptin release from fat cells

37
Q

What physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion?

A

Insulin, leptin, and PYY activate POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus

POMC neurons release α-MSH and CART, inhibiting appetite

Activation of anorexigenic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus

38
Q

What hormone activates NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus to contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating?

A

Ghrelin

39
Q

Ghrelin activates ___ neurons in the _______ _______ to contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating

A

Ghrelin activates NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus to contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating?

40
Q

Ghrelin activates NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus to contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating.

NPY neurons release neuropeptide ____ and ____, stimulating appetite

A

neuropeptide Y and AgRP

41
Q

Ghrelin activates NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus to contribute towards the feeling of hunger and the promotion of eating.

NPY neurons release neuropeptide Y and AgRP, stimulating appetite.

This activates __________ neurons in the _______ ____________

A

This activates orexigenic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

42
Q

Periphery physiological mechanisms contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including the release of ___ and ___ from intestines.

A

PYY and CCK from intestines.

43
Q

Periphery physiological mechanisms contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including the release of _____ from fat cells

A

leptin

44
Q

Physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including ______, ______, and ___ activating the POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

A

insulin, leptin, and PYY

45
Q

Physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including insulin, leptin, and PYY activating the ____ neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

A

POMC

46
Q

Physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including insulin, leptin, and PYY activating the POMC neurons in the ______ ______.

A

arcuate nucleus

47
Q

Physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including ____ neurons release α-MSH and CART, inhibiting appetite

A

POMC

48
Q

Physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including activation of ____________ neurons in the paraventricular nucleus

A

anorexigenic

49
Q

Physiological mechanisms in the brain contribute towards the feeling of satiety and the cessation of food seeking/ingestion, including activation of anorexigenic neurons in the ______________ _______

A

paraventricular nucleus

50
Q

What if a person’s body made defective leptin receptors, such that leptin molecules could not properly bind – how might this affect hunger and eating in that person?

A

Increased hunger and eating due to inability to sense energy reserves.

51
Q

What if a person’s body made defective ghrelin receptors, such that ghrelin molecules could not properly bind – how might this affect hunger and eating in that person?

A

Decreased hunger and eating due to inability to sense hunger signals.

52
Q

What if a person’s body made defective PYY3-36 receptors, such that PYY3-36 molecules could not properly bind – how might this affect hunger and eating in that person?

A

Increased hunger and eating due to decreased satiety signalling.

53
Q

What if a person’s body made defective CCK receptors, such that CCK molecules could not properly bind – how might this affect hunger and eating in that person?

A

Increased hunger and eating due to decreased satiety signalling.

54
Q

What if a person’s body made defective insulin receptors, such that insulin molecules could not properly bind – how might this affect hunger and eating in that person?

A

Disrupted glucose metabolism and potentially increased hunger due to inability to properly utilise glucose.

55
Q

Alcohol depolarises ____ neurons in the arcuate nucleus, ________ food intake.

A

Alcohol depolarises NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, increasing food intake.

56
Q

Alcohol depolarises NPY neurons in the _______ _______, increasing food intake.

A

Alcohol depolarises NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, increasing food intake.

57
Q

Marijuana causes ___ neurons to release _________________, promoting hunger (“the munchies”).

A

Marijuana causes NPY neurons to release endocannabinoids, promoting hunger (“the munchies”).

58
Q

Cocaine/amphetamines activate ____ neurons, releasing ____ and signaling satiety, explaining their use as diet pills.

A

Cocaine/amphetamines activate POMC neurons, releasing CART and signaling satiety, explaining their use as diet pills.

59
Q

Understand the bidirectional links between the lateral hypothalamus and the ‘reward’ system

LH has connections to the _____ _________ ____, part of the mesolimbic dopamine system.

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

60
Q

Understand the bidirectional links between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ‘reward’ system

LH has connections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), part of the _________ _________ system.

A

mesolimbic dopamine system

61
Q

Understand the bidirectional links between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ‘reward’ system

LH activity can stimulate the ventral tegmental area (VTA), promoting ________ release and reinforcing ________ _________.

A

LH activity can stimulate the ventral tegmental area (VTA), promoting dopamine release and reinforcing feeding behavior.

62
Q

“If someone is trying to quit junk food and eat only healthy fruit, vegetables and proteins, they face a constant battle with contextual reinforcement.” Explain this statement.

A

This statement refers to the challenge of overcoming learned associations between environmental cues and rewarding food experiences.

When trying to quit junk food, individuals face constant reminders (contextual cues) that have been associated with the pleasure of eating these foods.

These cues can trigger cravings and activate the brain’s reward system, making it difficult to resist.

The battle involves overcoming these learned associations and creating new, healthier ones, which requires consistent effort and time to rewire the brain’s reward circuitry.

63
Q

Why do we crave things such as chocolate cake and pizza, but not things such as raw silverbeet? Using just your knowledge from PSYC317 so far, give an answer based on neuroscience.

A

We crave foods like chocolate cake and pizza due to their high caloric content and palatability.

These foods activate the brain’s reward system more strongly than raw vegetables, releasing dopamine and creating a pleasurable experience.

This response likely evolved to encourage consumption of energy-dense foods when they were scarce.

The combination of taste, texture, and caloric content makes these foods particularly rewarding from a neuroscientific perspective.

64
Q

What is the primary function of hunger?

a) To provide pleasure
b) To compel us to eat
c) To regulate body temperature
d) To promote social bonding

A

b) To compel us to eat

65
Q

Which of the following best describes homeostasis?

a) The act of eating
b) A hormone produced by the stomach
c) The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment
d) The process of absorbing nutrients

A

c) The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment

“The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment, as introduced by Walter Cannon.”

66
Q

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

a) Stomach
b) Large intestine
c) Small intestine
d) Pancreas

A

c) Small intestine

“Small Intestine (kōpiro iti): majority of nutrients broken down here, majority of nutrients absorbed here.”

67
Q

What is the brain’s preferred energy molecule?
a) Fatty acids
b) Amino acids
c) Glucose
d) Fructose

A

c) Glucose

68
Q

Which theory suggests that the body aims to maintain blood glucose at a set point?

a) Lipostatic theory
b) Glucostatic theory
c) Homeostatic theory
d) Incentive theory

A

b) Glucostatic theory

Glucostatic Theory (1940s): Body aims to maintain blood glucose at a set point.

69
Q

What effect do lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) cause?

a) Aphasia
b) Adipsia
c) Hyperphagia
d) Anorexia

A

c) Hyperphagia

(Feeling of extreme hunger)

70
Q

Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus act as hunger neurons?

a) POMC neurons
b) NPY neurons
c) VTA neurons
d) LH neurons

A

b) NPY neurons

71
Q

Which hormone is known as the “hunger hormone” produced by the stomach?
a) Insulin
b) Leptin
c) Ghrelin
d) CCK

A

c) Ghrelin

72
Q

Which hormone signals the brain about energy reserves?

a) Ghrelin
b) Insulin
c) PYY
d) Leptin

A

d) Leptin

73
Q

Which of the following is NOT a satiety signal?

a) High glucose and insulin levels
b) Distended stomach
c) High ghrelin levels
d) PYY release

A

c) High ghrelin levels

74
Q

What would be the likely effect of defective leptin receptors?

a) Decreased hunger
b) Increased satiety
c) Increased hunger and eating
d) No effect on eating behavior

A

c) Increased hunger and eating

75
Q

Which substance uniquely depolarizes NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus?
a) Cocaine
b) Alcohol
c) Marijuana
d) Amphetamine

A

b) Alcohol

76
Q

During which phase of insulin release is insulin released in response to sensory cues before eating?

a) Absorptive phase
b) Digestive phase
c) Cephalic phase
d) Late phase

A

c) Cephalic phase

77
Q

Which brain region is part of the ‘reward’ system and has bidirectional links with the lateral hypothalamus?

a) Arcuate nucleus
b) Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
c) Paraventricular nucleus
d) Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

b) Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

78
Q

Why might we crave chocolate cake more than raw vegetables?

a) Chocolate cake has more vitamins
b) Raw vegetables are more filling
c) Chocolate cake activates the brain’s reward system more strongly
d) Raw vegetables are harder to digest

A

d) Raw vegetables are harder to digest

The notes explain that high-calorie foods “activate the brain’s reward system more strongly than raw vegetables, releasing dopamine and creating a pleasurable experience.”

PSYC317 Test 1 (11 decks)

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