Week 3 Exam 3

Question 1

Virulence factors

Answer 1

bacteria or viral components that enable pathogens

Question 2

Metagenomics

Answer 2

Analysis of genetic material derived from microbial communities
Reveal diversity and metabolic potential
Culture dependent

Question 3

Culture Dependent Approach

Answer 3

various morphological types, different bacteria, doesn’t specify nutritional needs for all microogranisms

Question 4

Metagenomic Approach

Answer 4

isolate all genomic DNA –> PCR amplify SSU rRNA genes (16S Bacteria and Archaea, 18S Eukarya) –> clone and sequence amplified DNA –> computer analyzes, compres in database of known genes

Question 5

Large intestine (colon) largest microbial community in the human body

Answer 5

2 dominant bacterial phyla
-Firmicutes (gram +)
-Bacteroidetes (gram -)

Question 6

Dysbiosis

Answer 6

Disruption in the microbiome that is associated with disease
(Cancer, Diabetesm Autism, Depression, Alzheimers)

Question 7

Symbiosis

Answer 7

Symbiotic reltationships between microbes and multicellular organisms are major feature of life on earth

Fungi and plannts
Squid and bacteria
Coral and zooxanthellae

Question 8

Mutualism: Squid-Bacterial

Answer 8

-contains light organ (contains Virbio fischeri bacteria) Luminescent (enzyme Luciferase)
-Virbio fischeri cuses quorum sensing to control light production

Question 9

Signaling molecule (autoinducer)

Answer 9

diffusible - moves in and out of cells
Low cell density - gradient favors movement out
High cell density (more bacteria) - gradient favors movement in and genes activated

Question 10

Coral and Algae (Mutualism)

Answer 10

Zooxanthellae-> uses energy from photosynthesis to fix CO2 into carbohydrate, shares
Coral–> Shares/produces Nitrogen Phosphate CO2 in turn

Question 11

Zooxanthellae-

Answer 11

photosynthetic algae, Dinoflagellates, most corals obtains nutrients from

Question 12

Tropical Panic Grass, fungus, virus relationship

Answer 12

virus in the fungus in the plant, three way symbiosis, heat resistance to the plant

Question 13

Immune system

Answer 13

widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs
recognizes foreign substances, neutralizes or destroy
antigens and antibodies

Question 14

antigens

Answer 14

foreign substances that provoke immune response

Question 15

antibodies

Answer 15

bind antigens, inactivate or eliminate

Question 16

Immunology

Answer 16

studies how body defends against foreign invaders, harmful substances

Question 17

Immune system protects against four classes of pathogen

Answer 17

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protists

Question 18

Immune system participates in disease/what it causes

Answer 18

allergy
autoimmunity
Transplatation tissue rejection
graft vs host disease

Question 19

two components of immune response

Answer 19

innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Question 20

Innate immunity

Answer 20

non specific, first line of defense, fast, no memory

Question 21

Innate Immunity cells

Answer 21

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic, natural killer (NK)

Question 22

Innate Immunity components

Answer 22

anatomical features, complement, toll-like receptors, cytokines

Question 23

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Answer 23

cells responsible for both innate and adaptive immune responses
originate from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow

Question 24

Five major types of Leukocytes

Answer 24

• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
• Monocytes (mature into macrophages or dendritic cells)
  -Lymphocytes- T,B and NK cells

Question 25

Macrophages

Answer 25

From momocytes in blood, reside in tissue, 3 Major functions: 1. Phagocytic (engluf and destroy pathogens) 2. Antigen presentation 3. Make cytokines

Question 26

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes derive from

Answer 26

common myeloid progenitor cell in bone marrow

Question 27

Lymphocytes derive from

Answer 27

common lymphoid progenitor cell in bone marrow

Question 28

Dendritic cells and Neutrophils are also

Answer 28

phagocytic (engluf and destroy pathogens)

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

1. Pseudopodia turns into 2. Phagosome 3. Lysosome combines and it becomes 4. Phagolysosome ---pathogen is destroyed here -reactive oxygen and nitrogen species used (HP and nitric oxide)

Question 30

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and aigen presenting cells can take in ?

Answer 30

protein antigens, process them, present peptide fragments to MHC molecules to T cells

Question 31

Innate immune response physical barriers

Answer 31

-skin and mucous membranes -Normal microflora (compete with potential pathogens)

Question 32

Innate immune response chemical barriers

Answer 32

-acidic pH of stomach -Lysozyme in tears of breast milk -Defensins (antimicrobial peptides)

Question 33

Complement System

Answer 33

series of >30 serum proteins -activated by enzymatic cleavage -"complements" activity of antibody -Functions: opsonins chemotactice factors membrane attack complex

Question 34

opsonins

Answer 34

coat microbes for phagocytosis Ex) C3b Opsonization

Question 35

chemotactic factors

Answer 35

recruit leukocytes to site of infection Ex) C5a

Question 36

Membrane attack complex

Answer 36

use complment proteins to form pores on pathogen cells plasma membranes (g-) for lysis

Question 37

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

Answer 37

Pattern recognition receptors >10 distinct receptors in family Bind Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) also called Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs)

Question 38

PAMP examples

Answer 38

- TLR4 (RECEPTOR) - LPS (PAMP) gram - -TLR2 (RECEPTOR) - peptidoglycan (PAMP) g-,g+ - TLR3 (RECEPTOR) - dsRNA (PAMP) -TLR5 (RECEPTOR) - flagellin protein (PAMP)