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Microbiology > Week 1 Exam 3!! > Flashcards

Week 1 Exam 3!! Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of Horizontal Gene Transfer (contribute to genetic variability in prokaryotes)

A

Transformation, Conjungation, Transduction

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Bacterial gene transfer by bacteriophages (impacts composition of microbial communities)

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3
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

Virulent phages (

A

lytic

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5
Q

Temperate phages

A

lysogenic

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6
Q

Prophage

A

Integrated genome of bacterial phage

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7
Q

Generalized Transduction

A

Bacteriophage infects bacteria, any part of the genome can be accidently transferred from the phage to the bacteria

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8
Q

Specialized Transduction

A

Occurs during the lysogenic cycle where a specific part of the genome is accidently transferred as a prophage inccorectly excises with part of the genome.

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9
Q

Phyla: Deinococcus - Thermus examples

A

Thermus aquaticus, Deinococcus radiodurans

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10
Q

Thermus aquatics

A

Thermophile, grows at 70-75 degrees celcius, Soure of Taq polymerase for PCR

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11
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans

A

Not thermophilic, resistant to radiation and desiccation (arid) , rapid DNA repair (round, cluster)

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12
Q

Phylum: Cyanobacteria

A

Primary producers, oxygenic photosynthetic (water as electron donor, oxygen is released), PSI and PSII, generate ATP and NADPH (utilized in dark reactions to fix CO2–>carbohydrate), thylakoids with chlorophyll, Carboxysomes

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13
Q

Phylum: Cyanobacteria examples

A

Spirulina, Anabaena

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14
Q

Spirulina (Genus)

A

Alkaliphile (soda lakes), High carotene concentrations, food additive

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15
Q

Anabaena (genus)

A

Aquatic bacterium, Oxygenic photosynthesis, Nitrogen fixation (reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia).

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16
Q

What problem does Anabaena face?

A

Enzyme (nitrogenase) required for nitrogen fixation is sensitive to oxygen. Anabaena differentiates vegetative cells into heterocysts to fix nitrogen gas

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17
Q

Heterocyst

A

differentiated cyanobacterial cell devoid of oxygen to fix N2 to ammonia (thicker, bigger, contains nitrogenase)

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18
Q

Phylum Chlamydiae examples

A

Chlamydia,

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19
Q

Chlamydia (genus)

A

obligate intracellular bacteria, gram negative, human and animal pathogens

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20
Q

Two human Chlamydia species

A

-C. pneumoniae, -C. trachomatic (causes #1 reported STD in U.S

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21
Q

Chlamydia reproduction

A

Infectious stage (elementry body) that attaches to host cells, EB transforms into reticulate bodies that use hosts resources to reproduce via binary fission
RBS differentiate back into EBs after cell lysis

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22
Q

Elementary and Reticulate bodies (Chlamydia)

A

Elementary are infectious RBs are used for reproductive purposes (forms of chlamydia cells)

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23
Q

Spirochaetes phylum

A

Flexible, helical shape. Flagella within periplasm (axial filament), roation turns entire cell

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24
Q

Treponema pallidum (Spirochaetes)

A

syphilis

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25
Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetes)
lyme disease (ticks), Erythema migrans (bulls eye rash)
26
Spirochaetes phylum examples
Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum
27
Bacteroides (genus)
obligate anaerobes, bacteria in human intestinal tract, degrade complex, dietary polysaccharide
28
Phylum Bacteroidetes examples
Bacteroides (genus)
29
Phylum Proteobacteria classes
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon
30
Alpha (Proteobacteria)
Some are photoheterotrophs, anaoxygenic photosynethis (cant use water as e- donor) ex) Rhodospirillum (genus), Rhizobium (genus), Rickettsia (human pathogen)
31
Rhizobium (genus)
root nodules, fixes nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3), symbiotic with certain plants
32
Rickettsia (genus, human pathogen)
Obligate intracellular bacteria, causes rocky mountain spotted fever, tick vector
33
Obligate intracellular bacteria
microorganisms that only survive and replicate within the cells of the host organism
34
Proteobacteria examples (ALPHA)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Caulobacter
35
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
causes crown gall disease in plants, conjugation, plant pathogen, tumor inducing plasmid (Ti)
36
Agrobacterium tumefaciens plant interaction
Ti is transferred by conjugation into plant cell-nueclus, integrates in plant genom. Ti genes direct plant cells to overproduce plant hormones (uncontrolled growth). cells make opines (C and N source) for the bacterium
37
Caulobacter
Proteobacteria alpha, gram negative, aquatic, dimorphic
38
Caulobacter generation
Each cell division generates a motile swarmer cell, and a non motile stalked cell (capable of DNA replication)
39
bacterium stalk
Holdfast at tip (polysaccharides), increases surface area for nutrient uptake, longer under phosphate limiting conditions
40
caulobacter cell cycle
Swarmer cell ejects flagellum, grows a stalk where the flagella used to be, DNA replication can occur, flagella is generated at the top, cell divides into two cells
41
Beta Proteobacteria
some are chemolithotrophs, inorganic compounds as electron sources, some are human pathogens
42
Beta Proteobacteria examples
Nitrosomonas (oxidizes ammonia to nitrite, 1st step of nitrification), Neisseria meningitdis and gonorrhoeae (human pathogens), Burkholderia cepacia
43
Burkholderia cepacia
plant pathogen, human respiratory pathogen,
44
Gamma Proteobacteria
Enterics (facultative anaerobes) intestinal tract and non enterics
45
Gamma Proteobacteria enteric examples
Escherichia coli -pathogenic and normal strains, Salmonella (food poisioning)
46
Proteobacteria gamma non enteric examples
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Shewanella
47
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
pathogen in cystic fibrosis and burn wounds, pigment pyoverdin (siderophore) for iron,
48
Shewanella
gamma, non pathogen, aquatic and soil, extracellular electron transport
49
Mudwatts
Microbial fuel cells that harness electrogenic potential of soil microbes to produce electrical power
50
Shewanella mudwatt
Shewanella transfer electrons onto metal anode, electrons move from anode to cathode (high O2)
51
Delta Proteobactera example
Myxococcus
52
Myxococcus (genus)
gram negative, social soil bacteria, attack other bacteria and feed on other bacteria, gliding motility type IV pili (no flagella), nutrient limiting, cells assemble into fruiting bodies (with dormant myxospores)
53
Myxococcus formation under stress
Vegatative growths aggregate to form a fruiting body, myxospores are released and germinated for vegatative cells
54
Firmicutes phylum
Gram positive, low (G+C guanine and cytosine) pathogens, staphyloccocus, streptococcus, some "good" bacteria (lactobacillus, lactococcus) fermentation produce lactic acid (yogurt), polylactic acid
55
Phylum firmicutes examples
Clostridium and Bacillus
56
Clostridium
C. tetani, botulinum (botlulism, produces neurotoxin), C. difficile - colitis, inflammation of colon
57
Bacillus
B. subtilis - non pathogenic soil bacterium, B. anthracis - anthrax causative agent
58
Bacillus thuringiensis
Produces insecticidal toxin (Bt corn), toxin forms holes in insect gut
59
Bacillus sporulation
triggered by lack of nutrients, (survival mechanism), spore forms inside mother cell that will lyse and release mature spore, spore is dormant (heat and stress resistant) but can germinate and become an active growing cell
60
Phylum Actinobacteria
gram positive, HIGH G+C, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces
61
Mycobacterium (genus)
human pathogens, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae. acid-fast cell walls, waxy lipids,
62
Streptomyces (genus)
Form hyphae and mycelia, source of many antibiotics, makes chemical geosmin (odor of moist soil)

Microbiology (9 decks)

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