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Microbiology > Week 2 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Week 2 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic Microogranisms are

A

Prominent members of ecosystems, some are human and plant pathogens (6 microbial causes of death are eukaryotic)
Protists and fungi

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cell features

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction
Meiosis and Mitosis
Membrane bound nucleus
Plasma membranes
Some have cell walls
Membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria

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4
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Protein synthesis- ribosomes

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5
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Chemical modification, packaging, secretion

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP by e transport and oxidative phosphorylation, site of TCA cyle

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7
Q

Protist

A

Eukarya domain, >60,000 different life forms, unicellular (most), algae (photosynthetic) , slimemods, protozoa (chemoorganotrophic)

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8
Q

Protists in food chains

A

-Radiolarians, Diatoms, Foraminiferans
Silica, calcium carbonate walls

Reef formation, Plankton in aquatic habitats

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9
Q

Protists features

A

Terrestrial or aquatic, motile (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia)
sexual and asexual reproduction

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10
Q

Protist organelles

A

1,2,or more nuclei (micro or macro)
-Cilates have 2 types

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11
Q

Micronucleus

A

“true” nucleus, mitosis

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12
Q

Macronucleus

A

thousands of short linear chromosomes, genes for growth and feeding

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13
Q

Protist metabolism

A

Photosynthetic (oxygenic)
chemoorganoheterotrophs and mixotrops (organic and inorganic)

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14
Q

Protist nutrition

A

solid nutrients by phagocytosis
soluble nutrients by facilitated diffusion and active transport

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15
Q

protist encystment

A

development into dormant stage (cyst)
-protection, transmission

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16
Q

protist exystment

A

escape from cyst to metabolically active, motile form (trophozoite)

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17
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

unicellular green algae
cell walls and cellulose
oxygenic photosynthesis
motile via 2 flagella
stigma (eyespot) for phototaxis, filled with photoreceptors

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18
Q

Chlamydomonas strains

A

-strains have chlorophyll and caraoteniod pigment (red)
-contribute to glacial melt

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19
Q

Giardia

A

Protozoan parasite, human pathogen

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20
Q

Giardiasis (caused by Giardia)

A

Cysts ingested, trophozoites attach to intestine, disrupts nutrient and water flow, fluid loss, water diarrhea (from unfiltered water)

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21
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

free living, aquatic amoeba (Brain eating)
thermophile, high nutrient, fresh water

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22
Q

Naegleria fowleri infectious

A

trophozoite enters nose, travels to brain, destroys tissue causing brain swelling and death
primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Rifampin used in treatment

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23
Q

Alveolata group

A

protists: dinoflagellates, ciliates, Apicomplexans

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24
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

alveolata group, 2 flagella in grooves, longitudinal and transverse, toxic red tides

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25
Ciliates
cilia for movement, two types of nuclei
26
Apicomplexans
causes of human diseases Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium) Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma) Malaria (Plasmodium)
27
Cryptosporidiosis
Oocyscts of Cryptosporidium transmitted in contaminated water. Cause of waterborn disease
28
Oocyst features
Small, chlorine resistant, stable for months 8-10 cause infection, ingested Oocysts undergo excitement, become trophozoites in intestine
29
Toxoplasmosis
Oocysts of toxoplasma in raw or undercooked meat, cat feces Mice and cats are hosts, required to complete sexual cycle Ingested oocysts become tachyzoites- localized in neural and muscle tissue -can enter brain, cross placenta avoid changing cat litter during pregnancy
30
Malaria
Caused by 4 species of plasmodium Plasmodium falciparum (species) - apical complex -transmitted by bite infected female Anopheles mosquito (sporozoite form)
31
Malaria - clinical
Periodic chills, fever Anemia - disrupted blood flow Liver - hypertrophy
32
Malaria control, treatment, prevention
-Mosquito control: wetland drainage, insecticides, netting -GMO mosquitoes -Drugs: Chloroquine, Malarone
33
anti malarial drug Chloroquine
Parasite degrades hemoglobin as nutrient, releases toxic heme (Biproduct) to parasite -parasite polymerize heme into non-toxic form Drug blocks the parasites ability to polymerize
34
prevention drug Malarone
blocks e- transport and pyrimidine synthesis (inhibiting DNA synthesis)
35
Fungi features
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi, single celled yeast to 3 mile wide honey mushroom Lack chlorophyll Plasma membrane Cell walls of chitin Saprophytes and absorptive
36
Chitin
polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
37
Saprophytes
nutrients from dead organic matter
38
Absorptive
secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients (enzymes break down compounds first)
39
Fungi (decompose)
able to break down many complex organic compounds without fungal acitvity- human life would cease
40
Mycology
study of fungi
41
Mycoses
diseases caused by fungi
42
Mycotoxicosis
poisoning by fungal toxin (Alfatoxins, Ergot alkaloids)
43
Aflatoxins
carcinogens intercalate between DNA bases, cause mutations
44
Ergot alkaloids
LSD structure cause delusions and convulsions used to treat migraines, induce labor
45
Fungal Distribution
Mostly terrestrial, some aquatic can be part of human microflora, can be pathogens
46
Fungal associations
Lichens = fungi and cyanobacteria Mycorrhizal fungi and plants (80 percent of all land plants)
47
Mycorrhizal fungi and plant symbosis
fungus provides plant nutrient and water uptake, plant provides carbohydrate
48
Yeasts
unicellular fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida albicans Candida auris
49
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
bread, beer, wine
50
Candida albicans
microflora of mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract Thrush- Candida infection of mouth
51
candida auris
urgent threat, drug resistant
52
molds
Multicellular fungi Hyphae- filaments of a mold Mycelium - mass of hyphae
53
Two hyphaes
(Aseptate hyphae- no cross walls) (Septate hyphae - cross walls)
54
YM shift
Some fungi can change from Yeast to Mold
55
Fungi Asexual Reproduction
genetically identical to parent offspring 3 mechanisms -Binary Fission -Budding -spore production Ex) Conidiospores, Sporangiospores
56
Fungi Sexual Reproduction
occurs under stress or limiting nutrients offspring genetically intermediate Haploid cells opposite mating types (+,-) fuse Pheromones signal between haploid types Fusion creates single hypha with 2 distinct nucleui (dikaryon stage) Nuclei can fuse forming diploid zygote Meiosis forms haploid spores Ex) Zygospores, Ascospores
57
Zygospores, Ascospores
genetically intermediate, sexual fungi reproduction formed by meiosis
58
Condispores, Sporangiospores
Fungi asexual production
59
Fungal subdivisions
18s rNA Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Asomycota, Basidiomycota
60
Chytridiomycota
simplest fungi, aquatic, motile flagellated zoospore Chytridiomycosis - massive frog deaths
61
Zygomycota
sexual zygospores, asexual sporangiospores Rhizopus (bread mold) -meat tenderizer -birth control agents -plant pathogen - Rice Seedling Blight -Temphe- Rhizopus fermented soybeans
62
Rhizopus toxin (Rice Seedling Blight) pg 524
63
Ascomycota
Sac fungi - ascus - sexual ascospores - asexual conidiospores Ex) Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium
64
Ascomycota genus Histoplasma capsulataum
Causes Histoplasmosis, mold spores (conidia) inhaled, germinate into yest in lung, yeast grows in human macrophages
65
Ascomycota Pseudogymnoascus
white nose syndrome (bats), Psychrophile, infects skin of hibernating bats
66
Ascomycota Cordyceps
Insect pathogen, fruiting bodies (stoma) in caterpiller heads,
67
Basidiomycota
Club fungi Bears basidiospores Ex) Mushrooms, Cryptococcus neoformans, Calvatia gigantea
68
Agaricus (mushroom) genus
edible mushrooms
69
Amanita (mushroom) genus
non-edible, death angel, produce Amanitin (peptide toxin), targets RNA polymerase
70
(Basidiomycota) Calvatia gigantea
giant puffball muschroom, fruiting body with internal basidiospores
71
(Basidiomycota) Cryptococcus neoformans
pathogen in AIDS and immunocompromised, basidiospores inhaled (pigeon droppings), infects lung, central nervous system, cross blood barrier Virulence: capsule, melanin pigment

Microbiology (9 decks)

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