Week 3 - Central Nervous System (Brain) Flashcards
1
Q
Two systems that control the body and maintain homeostasis
A
Endocrine and nervous system
2
Q
The central nervous system consists of
A
Bran and spine
3
Q
The peripheral nervous system consists of
A
Cranial and spinal nerve
4
Q
Peripheral nervous system dived into 2 parts which are
A
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
5
Q
What control does the somatic nervous system do?
A
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
6
Q
What is regulates by the autonomic nervous system?
A
Homeostasis is regulates by the hypothalamus by involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands
7
Q
What 2 divisions can the autonomic nervous system be split into?
A
The sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight)
Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)
8
Q
Function of astrocytes in the CNS
A
- support, brace and anchor neurons
- help create blood brain barrier
9
Q
Function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS
A
- form and maintain myelin sheath around axons
10
Q
Function of the Schwann cells in the PNS
A
- form and maintain myelin sheath around axons
- electrically insulate using their lipid protein colour (white)
11
Q
Function of the ependymal cells in the CNS
A
- help produce CSF
12
Q
Function of microgila in the CNS
A
- function as phagocytes within the CNS
13
Q
What does grey matter consist of?
A
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neurogila
14
Q
What does white matter consist of?
A
Myelinated axons
15
Q
Arrangement of white and grey matter in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord
A
In the cerebrum, white matter is predominantly in deeper areas and grey matter is more superficial.
In the spinal cord, the grey matter is deeper and the white matter is more superficial
16
Q
Age related changes of the Nervous System
A
- brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and weight
- nerve cells may begin to pass messages more slowest than in the past
- waste products can collect in the brain tissue as nerve cells break down
17
Q
How is a nerve impulse generated?
A
- electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It can be generated when a neuron’s membrane potential is changed by chemical signals from a nearby cell.
18
Q
Name 2 main ions involved in the generation of a nerve impulse
A
- Na+ (sodium)
- K+ (potassium)
19
Q
What is a continuous conduction?
A
- conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons.
- process involves the opening of voltage gates Na+ and K+ channels located within the axon membrane along the length of the axon to propagate an impulse
20
Q
What is a saltatory conduction
A
- it describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal in comparison with the slower continuous progression of depolarisation speeding down an unmyelinated axon
21
Q
Components and function of the synapse
A
- the electrical activity in the presynaptic Neuron triggers the release of chemical messengers, the neurotransmitters
- the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to the specialised receptors of the postsynaptic cell
22
Q
What is a synapse
A
- small pocket of space between 2 cells where they can pass messages to communicate
23
Q
The sequence of synaptic transmission
A
- is the process by which one neuron communicates with another.
- When the electrical impulse (action potential) reaches these synaptic vesicles, they release their contents of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters then carry the signal across the synaptic gap.
24
Q
What is the role of calcium in the synaptic transmission
A
- Calcium ions trigger the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane during this process of exocytosis
25
What is a neurotransmitter
- They are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.
- Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message
26
Common neurotransmitters and their purpose
- dopamine (it is released when mammals receive a reward in response to their behaviour)
- serotonin (calming chemical (mood modulating))
- norepinephrine (linked to mood, memory and stress)
27
Protective structures of the brain and spinal cord
- Dura Mater
- arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
- all of these are meninges
28
Structures involved in cerebral circulation (circle of Willis)
- internal carotid arteries supply the anterior brain
| - vertebral arteries supply the brain stem and posterior brain
29
How are the anterior and the posterior inter connective
- via bilateral posterior communicating arteries.
30
Cerebral circulation requires a constant supply of
- glucose and oxygen
31
Functions of CSF
- mechanical protection (cushions brain and spinal cord)
- screens pH
- delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
32
Structures involved with CSF
- The ventricles are structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid, and transport it around the cranial cavity.
- They are lined by ependymal cells, which form a structure called the choroid plexus. It is within the choroid plexus that CSF is produced.
33
Three ways a neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft
- diffusion
- enzymatic degradation
- uptake/re-take by cells
34
4 areas of the brain
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brain stem
- diencephalon
35
Function of the cerebrum
- initiation of movement, coordination of movement, temperature, touch, vision, hearing, judgment, reasoning, problem solving, emotions, pain and learning.
36
Function of the cerebellum
- important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance.
- Through its input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors, it modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles.
37
Function of the brain stem
- critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.
38
Function of the diencephalon
- relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
39
Parts to the brain stem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
40
What does the medulla oblongata do?
- plays a critical role in transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration.
41
What does the midbrain do?
- serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
42
What does the pons do?
- works together with the medulla oblongata to serve an especially critical role in generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing.
43
The function of the reticular activating system
- maintains consciousness or wakefulness
| - filters sensory information
44
When someone experiences damage to the brain stem, what would the resulting effect on their level of consciousness and why?
- it will result in a coma.
- a state in which the individual cannot be roused or, unconscious due to damage to the Reticular formation throughout the brain stem
45
What substances can easily pass from the capillaries to the brain tissue?
- alcohol
- water
- gases (02, C02)
- nicotine
46
Identify the pathway CSF should take from the ventricles to the brain and spinal cord IN ORDER
- Lateral ventricles
- Intraventricular foramen
- third ventricle
- cerebral aqueduct
- fourth ventricle
47
What vital functions does the medulla oblongata control
- cardiovascular centre
- respiratory centre
- level of consciousness
48
What non-viral function does the medulla oblongata control
- vomiting centre
- sneezing centre
- coughing centre
- hiccuping centre
- swallowing centre
49
Where is the Diencephalon located?
- it extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum
50
Three parts to the diencephalon
- Epithalamus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
51
What does the limbic system control
Controls emotional response and memory processing
52
Define fissures
In the cerebrum, they are deep grooves that subdivide the hemispheres
53
Define gyri
In the cerebrum, it is folds that increase the surface area
54
Define Sulci
in the cerebrum, it is shallow depressions that seperate adjacent gyri
55
The two hemispheres of the brain are joined by a broadband of white matter called
The corpus collosum
56
What is the left hemisphere more involved in?
- right handed control
- spoken and written language
- numerical & scientific skills
57
What is the right hemisphere more involved in?
- left handed control
- musical and artistic awareness
- space and pattern perception
- insight, imagination
- generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell
58
4 loves of cerebrum
- frontal
- temporal
- occipital
- parietal
59
Area in the frontal lobe
- Premoter Area
- Broca’s speech area
- Primary motor Area
60
What is the pre-motor area?
- consciously controls a sequence of motor activities to achieve complex skilled motor activities like driving a car
61
What is the Broca’s speech area
- controls muscles involved in speech production, only in one hemisphere and is usually in the left.
62
What is the primary motor area?
- consciously controls precise or skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
- they have upper motor neurons which initiate voluntary movement
63
Where is the anterior association area located? (Also called prefrontal cortex)
In the frontal lobe
64
What is the purpose of the Anterior association area?
Controls personality, intelligence, complex learning abilities, judgment, reasoning, mood, initiative
65
The parietal lobe consists of what areas?
- wernicke’s area
- primary somatosensory area
- somatosensory association area
66
Purpose of the wernicke’s area
- it interprets the meaning of speech by recognising spoken words
- person with damage to this area from a stroke can speak but not arrange the words in a coherent way
67
Purpose of the primary somatosensory area
- receives nerve impulses generated by touch, itch, tickle, vibration, pain, temperature
68
Purpose of the somatosensory association area
- interprets objects being touched, using stored memory of that object.
- a person with damage to this area couldn’t recognise a pencil by touch, they would have to see it.
69
Areas of the temporal lobe
- primary auditory area
| - auditory association area
70
Purpose of the primary auditory area
- receives nerve impulses from the ear to determine sounds (like pitch, loudness and location)
71
Purpose of the auditory association area
- interprets sound as speech, music or noice. Memories of sounds are stored here.
72
Areas in the occipital lobe
- primary visual area
| - visual association area
73
Purpose of the primary visual area
- receives visual information and is involved in visual perception
74
Purpose of the visual association area
- interprets visual stimuli enabling us to recognise a face
