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Nursing Science EXAM 1 > Week 2 - Tissues And Virus > Flashcards

Week 2 - Tissues And Virus Flashcards

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1
Q

3 functions of the skin

A
  • assists in temp regulation
  • synthesis of vitamin D. Cholesterol is converted to VitD in the skin when exposed to UV light
  • protects underlying tissues from damage due to microbes, chemicals, water loss or water entry, UV light
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2
Q

What layer of the skin are the sensory receptors in?

A

Dermis

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3
Q

What do the mucous membranes do?

A

Line the body cavities that open to the exterior

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4
Q

What do the serous membranes do?

A

Line body cavities that do not open to the exterior

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5
Q

What do the visceral layers cover?

A

Covers the organs within the cavities. Eg. Heart, lungs and digestive organs

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6
Q

What does the parietal layer cover?

A

The cavity walls

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7
Q

Define microbiology

A

Study of organisms too small to be seen without a microscope

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8
Q

Define disease

A

Infection which harms the host causing damage to cells and tissues

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9
Q

Define microorganism

A

Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoa and prions

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10
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microorganism / infectious agent that causes disease

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11
Q

Define Colonisation

A

Presence, growth, multiplication of an organism without observable clinical symptoms or immune reaction in a patient.
They don’t have the disease but they have the microorganism

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12
Q

Define contagious

A

Infectious disease that spreads from person to person

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13
Q

Define carrier

A

People with no symptoms but have the pathogens in their body and can transfer to others

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14
Q

Define infection

A

Invasion of a pathogen microorganism into the tissues of a host where they multiple causing ban immune response with or without recognised symptoms

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15
Q

Define symptomatic

A

Pathogen multiplies within a host and causes injury to cells or tissues, so host has clinical signs and symptoms

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16
Q

Define Asymptomatic

A

A pathogen multiples within a host but does not cause injury to cells/tissue so has no signs or symptoms

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17
Q

Define virulence

A

The potency of a pathogen to infect a host and cause death in the host

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18
Q

Chain of infection in order

A
  • infectious agent
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • host
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19
Q

Define reservoir

A

Habitat in which an agent can live, grow and multiply

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20
Q

6 reservoir of microorganisms

A
  1. Humans
  2. Zoonoses (animals)
  3. Soil
  4. Water
  5. Air
  6. Food
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21
Q

6 factors which provide the best environment for survival of a pathogen in the reservoir

A
  1. Warm/moist environment
  2. Isotonic surroundings
  3. Oxygen (depending on bacteria)
  4. Temp close to 37°C
  5. pH close to 7
  6. Availability of nutrients
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22
Q

What is a fomite?

A

Materials/object likely to carry an infection

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23
Q

Define portal of exit

A

Path by which a pathogen leaves the host

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24
Q

6 portal of exits from humans

A
  1. Blood
  2. Broken skin
  3. Respiratory tract
  4. Anus
  5. Mucous membranes
  6. GI tract
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25
Q

Define mode of transmission

A

The way in which an infectious agent may be transmitted from its reservoir to the susceptible host

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26
Q

Direct contact is..

A

Skin-skin contact (kissing, sexual intercourse)

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27
Q

Indirect contact is..

A

Transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles

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28
Q

Droplet is..

A

Spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing or even talking

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29
Q

Airborne is..

A

Infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air. May remain suspended in the air for long periods of times and may be blown over great distances (up to 1 metre)

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30
Q

What is a vector and how to they transmit disease?

A

Mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent

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31
Q

Define portal of entry

A

The way a path eg on enters a susceptible host

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32
Q

Define host

A

Susceptibility of a host depends on genetic or constitutional factors, specific immunity and non specific factors that affect an individual’s ability to resist infection

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33
Q

What is resident (normal) flora?

A

Microorganisms that usually occupy a body site and do not cause disease under normal circumstances

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34
Q

8 sites resident flora can be found

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Upper respiratory tract
  3. Small intestines
  4. Urinary tract
  5. Skin
  6. Colon
  7. Vagina
  8. Conjunctiva
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35
Q

Describe the benefits of resident flora

A
  • stimulate immune system
  • manufacture vitamins (vitamin K for blood clotting, Vitamin B12 for manufacturing red blood cells)
  • helps to inhibit growth of pathogens by providing competition for space and nutrients
36
Q

3 places where you would NOT expect to find any resident flora

A
  • blood
  • brain
  • muscle
37
Q

What is an opportunist microorganism

A

Non-pathogenic microorganisms that act as a pathogen in certain circumstances

38
Q

Define transient flora

A

Microorganisms that transiently colonise the skin and can be easily removed

39
Q

What is the difference between a localised infection and a systemic infection?

A
  • localised refers to an infection that is confined to one organ system or to one area of the body
  • systemic affect several organs and tissues
40
Q

Bacteria advantages from bio films

A
  • cannot be easily removed
  • provides nutrients
  • protects against desiccation by antibiotics
  • protects against changes in pH
41
Q

Tissue types

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
42
Q

Where does the epithelial tissue cover?

A
  • body surfaces, forms glands and lines hollow organs, body cavities an ducts
43
Q

What is the function of the epithelial tissue

A
  • protection (epidermis on the skin)
  • sensory (skin, eyes, ears)
  • secretion (substances such as enzymes and hormones)
  • absorption (nutrients from digestive system)
  • excretion (waste products)
44
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • bind tissues together
  • support and strength tissue
  • protect and insulate internal organs
45
Q

What does connective tissue include?

A
  • ligaments:tendon/cartilage
  • blood
  • bone marrow
46
Q

Type of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal (generates physical force to make body structures move )
  • smooth (found in walls of viscera)
  • cardiac (found in the wall of the myocardium)
47
Q

Nervous tissue functions

A
  • rapidly regulates and integrates
  • detects changes in the body
  • responds by generating nerve impulses
48
Q

3 layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
49
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  • protection (prevents underlying tissue damage from microbes)
  • sensory (receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, heat, cold, and pain)
  • excretion (approximately 400ml/day lost via skin)
  • stores blood (blood redirected to vital organs)
  • vitamin D synthesis (cholesterol converted to Vitamin D in the skin during UV exposure)
  • temperature regulation (receptors detect temperature changes and the responds)
50
Q

What layer of the skin are the sensory receptors located in?

A
  • dermis
51
Q

What does Keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratin

52
Q

What does melanocytes produce?

A

Melanin

53
Q

Function of Keratin

A
  • protects the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes and chemicals
54
Q

Function of Melanin

A
  • contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light. Production is increased when cells are being damaged
55
Q

Factors affecting skin colour

A
  • Melanin (reddish-yellow to brown-black colour)
  • carotene (yellow-orange pigment in carrots/pumpkin)
  • haemoglobin (protein that gives red blood cells colour when fully oxygenated)
56
Q

Age related changes

A
  • reduced sweat production
  • poor skin healing
  • hair loss
  • wrinkling
  • blood vessel walls thicken
57
Q

Where does hair growth start?

A

In the matrix

58
Q

What is the matrix supplied with?

A

Supplied with capillaries that provide hormones, chemicals and nutrients to stimulate hair growth

59
Q

How does hair grow?

A
  • cells in the matrix divide actively
  • as new cells are produced, older cells push up. Keratin increases and they fuse together when cells die
  • hair grows in cycles
60
Q

Three types of epithelial membrane

A
  • cutaneous
  • mucous
  • serous
61
Q

First line of defence

A
  • physical and chemical barriers
62
Q

How does the mucous membranes act as a parried to potential pathogens?

A

Mucous traps dust, foreign particles and microbes from entering

63
Q

4 secretions

A
  • lysozyme (tears, saliva, sweat)
  • stomach acid (pH destroys most organisms entering the body via food and drink)
  • pH (vagina in adult females)
  • lactoferrin (saliva, breastmilk)
64
Q

Where does fungi grow

A
  • in conditions where bacteria could not survive (tinea - ringworm)
65
Q

How does Protozoa move?

A
  • by flagella, cilia or pseudopodia
66
Q

How is a a prion begin

A
  • begins as normal proteins in the plasma membrane of brain cells (eg. CJD)
67
Q

How does helminths spread?

A

Often linked to poor sanitation and hygiene practices.

Enter the host by ingestion of food and water (pinworm)

68
Q

4 stages of infection IN ORDER

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal stage
  • illness stage
  • convalescence stage
69
Q

What happens in the incubation period?

A
  • interval between entry of pathogen to appearance of first symptoms (vary from days-weeks-months)
  • pathogen is growing in numbers
  • patient is infectious
70
Q

What happens in the prodromal stage?

A
  • interval from onset on non-specific signs (headache, malaise, lack of appetite) and symptoms to general signs and symptoms (fever, pain, inflammation)
  • pathogen is growing in numbers and multiply
  • patient is infectious at this time
71
Q

What happens in the illness stage?

A
  • phase of rapid multiplication
  • signs and symptoms are disease-specific tans very pronounced
  • maybe considered the acute phase
  • the patient is infectious at this time
72
Q

What happens at the convalescence stage?

A
  • interval when acute symptoms disappear (could be days - weeks - months)
  • pathogen load declining but may still be present
  • patient may still be infectious at this time
73
Q

The hypodermis consists of

A
  • areolar and adipose tissue
74
Q

What substance is used for protection from UV radiation?

A
  • Melanin
75
Q

Layer of the skin with no blood vessels?

A

Epidermis

76
Q

Which layer of the skin acts as a blood reservoir

A

Dermis

77
Q

The brain stops sending nerve impulses to the sweat glands when..

A

The core body temperature returns to normal

78
Q

People who rarely venture outdoors or completely cover their skin when outdoors may develop a deficiency of

A

Vitamin D

79
Q

Thermoreceptors cells in the skin send nerve impulses to..

A
  • temperature control centre of the brain
80
Q

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis towards the surface..

A

They degenerate and die

81
Q

Where do viruses multiply?

A

In a living host

82
Q

A gram-negative bacteria is responsive to treatment with penicillin

A

False

83
Q

Lysozyme is an example of

A

An enzyme which is bacteriocidal

84
Q

Which layer of skin is composed of connective tissue?

A

Dermis

85
Q

Type of tissue that binds and supports organs and tissues is

A

Connective

86
Q

Produced by the sebaceous glands to moisten and soften skin

A

Sebum

Nursing Science EXAM 1 (6 decks)

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