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EPHLTH170 > Week 3 - Cellular Basis of Life > Flashcards

Week 3 - Cellular Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 principals of cell theory?

A
  1. Cells make up ALL living things.
  2. Cells are the building block of our bodies, they are the structural and functional units of life.
  3. All vital functions of an organism occur within the cells.
  4. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
  5. Cells contain hereditary information that regulates cell functions and is passed from generation to generation.
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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Cell that do not contain a nucleus. (ex. bacteria)

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells that do contain a nucleus. (ex all human cells)

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4
Q

All cells share which 3 characteristics?

A
  1. They are enclosed by a cell membrane.
  2. They are filled with cytoplasm.
  3. They contain DNA.
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5
Q

Cell membranes

A

Bi-lipid, semi-permeable layers. Their purpose is to act as a protective covering for the cell.

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6
Q

What is a cell membrane made up of?

A
  1. Lipid Bilayer
  2. Proteins
  3. Protein Channels
  4. Carbohydrates
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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Acts a the brains of the cell. Dictates the activities of the organelles within the cell.

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8
Q

What are the 3 main components of a Nucleus?

A
  1. A double walled nuclear membrane containing large pores.
  2. Chromatin - a material containing DNA
  3. Nucleolus - produces ribosomes
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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A liquid solution enclosed in the cell membrane which contains organic materials such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipid and well as inorganic material such as minerals and gases.

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Intracellular structures with a specific function.

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11
Q

What are the 6 organelles found within a cell?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
    a) Smooth
    b) rough
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Golgi Apparatus
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Centrosomes
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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Small bean shaped organelles that provide up to 95% of the bodies energy needs. (Cellular repair, movement and reproduction are energy intensive processes requiring a supply of metabolic energy). The number mitochondria in a cell will depend on the cells energy requirements.

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13
Q

How do mitochondria create energy?

A

They contain a variety of enzymes that assist in a process called cellular respiration where oxygen is used to break down glucose and release energy.

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14
Q

Where is energy created by mitochondria stored?

A

It is stored as chemical energy within a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Organelles formed from a series of folded membranes. They export lipids, steroids and proteins through channels processing, storage and transportation as required.

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16
Q

What are the 2 forms of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  1. Smooth - responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroids
  2. Rough - has ribososmes attached to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible for the production of enzymes and other proteins.`

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18
Q

Where are ribosomes found and how are they used?

A

Either attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum or floating within the cytoplasm. Those found attached to endoplasmic reeticulum are passed on to the golgi apparatus for processing, storage and transportation. That produced by free ribosomes are used within the cytosol.

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19
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Made from a bunch of membranes sacs, the golgi apparatus receives proteins from the from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to process, pack and then transport it to other organelles outside of the cell.

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20
Q

How are proteins leaving the golgi apparatus transported out of the cell?

A

Proteins leaving the cell are packed into a bubble like structure call a vesicle, which is made up of membrane. It will the merge with the cell membrane to release the protein.

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing powerful enzymes that can break down and recycle unwanted structures within the cell. They can also engulf and destroy foreign cells like bacteria.

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22
Q

Centrosomes

A

Cylindrical structures located near the nucleus of a cell, that allow cells to divide and build new cellular structures.

23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural proteins that give a cell its shape

24
Q

Flagella

A

Whip-shaped tails used for movement

25
Q

Cilia

A

Short hair like projections from the cell surface

26
Q

Diabetes

A
  • Affects the ability of glucose to be transported across the membrane into the mitochondria.
  • Glucose is the preferred energy source for a cell, but since this is unable to take place cells must use other biological molecules such as fats and proteins to make energy.
  • Since the glucose is not been used to produce energy it can result in high blood pressure.
27
Q

Phenylketonuria

A
  • Caused by the lack of enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine
  • It cause a build up of Phenylalanine particularly in nervous cells and can cause mental retardation.
28
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A
  • Enzymes are missing form lysosomes in nervous cells
  • Causes a build up of cellular waste products and glyco proteins in a cell
  • Results in the inflammation and eventually the destruction of nerve cells
29
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • When enzymes are unable to help move chloride to the surface of a cell, and therefore is unable to attract water to the cells surface.
  • Results in improper functioning of multiple organs in the body
30
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

A
  • Enzymes are unable to remove low density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘bad cholesterol’ from cells
  • Cholesterol builds up in arteries and can cause heart attacks and strokes.
31
Q

What are the 2 forms of cellular transport?

A

Passive transport - does not require external energy to move

Active transport - requires ATP to move a substance

32
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does not require external energy to move substances across the cell membrane. All forms of passive transport move substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

33
Q

What are the 4 types of passive transport?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
  4. Filtration
34
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

When a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration so that it is evenly dispersed.

35
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Similar to simple diffusion as in substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration only that the substance is assisted via a carrier molecule in the direction that it was already traveling.

36
Q

Osmosis

A

Where water travels across a membrane from areas of high solvent concentration to areas of low solvent concentration. until the concentration is the same on both sides

37
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure is applied to force water and small unwanted substances across a selectively permeable layer while the larger, important substances remain where they are.

38
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires external energy provided by the molecule ATP

39
Q

What are the 3 forms of active transport?

A
  1. Endocytosis - which includes both phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Active Transport Pumps
40
Q

Endocytosis

A

Involves the movement of large substances across the cell membrane through the formation of vesicles. Endocytosis is further classified according to the physical properties of the substance being ingested.
- Phagocytosis - the ingestion of large solid particles eg. bacteria and parts of dead cells.
- Pinocytosis - the ingestion of liquid droplets.
In both cases ATP is required as movement and rearrangement of the cell membrane is an energy intensive process.

41
Q

Exocytosis

A

Similar to endocytosis, however instead of substances entering the cell, they are being exported out of the cell. They substances are enclosed in a vesicles which fuses with the cell membrane in order to release the substance.

42
Q

Active Transport Pumps

A

These pumps are integral membrane proteins which undergo a change in conformation or shape upon the binding of ATP to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

43
Q

What are the 2 phases that make up the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase

2. Mitotic Phase

44
Q

Interphase

A

During interphase the cell is not dividing but functioning as normal, whilst starting to prepare for division.

45
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

This phase is devoted to cell division. Mitosis is the division of genetic material and cytokenesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

46
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis, the division of genetic material withing a cell. It is used for growth and repair and is a very tightly controlled process. (Cancer is mitosis out of control.)

47
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis in order?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telephase
48
Q

Prophase

A

The first phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears, chromatin condenses, chromosomes become visible and a structure calles the spindle fibres form.

49
Q

Metaphase

A

The second and longest phase of mitosis, during which chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell

50
Q

Anaphase

A

The third stage of mitosis where chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle and move towards opposite ends of the cell.

51
Q

Telephase

A

The fourth and final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes group at both ends of the cell, the spindle disappears and the nuclear membrane reforms producing two nuclei, one at either end of the cell.

52
Q

Cytonkinesis

A

Occurs simultaneously to telephase and is the division of the cytoplasm, producing to new, identical cells.

53
Q

What happens after Mitosis is complete?

A

Once mitosis is completed, the two new cells are in interphase and the cycle starts again.

54
Q

Meiosis

A

The division of human reproductive cells - sperm and eggs. Meiosis only occurs in the ovaries and testes.

EPHLTH170 (11 decks)

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