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EPHLTH170 > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The presence and maintenance of a stable internal environment.

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2
Q

What are homeostatic feedback mechanisms?

A

Homeostatic feedback mechanisms provide a response based on the original stimulus. There are two types of feedback mechanisms.

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback mechanisms and how do they work?

A
  1. Positive feedback mechanisms - will increase the original stimulus to push the variable further. Examples of this include child birth, blood clotting.
  2. Negative feedback mechanisms - will stop or reduce the intensity of the original stimulus. This includes most homeostatic control mechanisms, some examples include temperature, blood pressure and blood glucose.
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4
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structures of all living organisms including the human body.

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5
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the function and vital processes making up the human body.

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6
Q

What are the 10 directional terms and what do they mean?

A

Anterior - the front of the body
Posterior - the back of the body’
Superior - the upper part of the body
Inferior - the lower part of the body
Medial - closer to the middle of the body
Lateral - closer to the sides of the body
Proximal - closer to the reference point
Distal - further from the reference point
Superficial - closer to the body’s surface
Deep - further from the body’s surface

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7
Q

What are the 3 body planes and what do they mean?

A

Frontal Plane - dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse Plane - dividing the body into superior and inferior sections
Median Plane - dividing the body into equal left and right sections

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8
Q

What are word roots?

A

Terms used with prefixes and/or suffixes, they are rarely used on there own.

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9
Q

What are prefixes?

A

Terms that come before word roots.

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10
Q

What are suffixes?

A

Terms that come after word roots.

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a semi permeable bi-lipid layer that acts as a protective covering for a cell.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

It allows certain substances to enter and exit the cell as needed.

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13
Q

What is a cell membrane made up of?

A
  • Lipid Bi-layer
  • Proteins
  • Protein Channels
  • Carbohydrates
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14
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the ‘brain’ or the control center of the cell. It is surrounded by a double walled nuclear membranes that contains large pores.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

It dictates the activities of the organelles in the cell. It contains chromatin which houses our DNA and it also contains a nucleolus which produces ribosomes.

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16
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is a watery solution that is enclosed in the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What materials does cytoplasm contain?

A
  • Organic materials such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
  • Inorganic materials such as minerals and gases
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18
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles or ‘small organs’ are intracellular structures with a specific function.

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are stuctures that are either found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or floating around in the cytoplasm. They are responsible for the production of enzymes and other proteins.

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20
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are tiny bean shaped organelles that are responsible for the production of energy which is stored as chemical energy called ATP. It provides up to 95% of the body’s energy needs.

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21
Q

How do mitochondria create energy?

A

Mitochondria contain a variety of enzymes that assist in the process called cellular respiration where oxygen is used to break down glucose and release energy. This energy is stored as chemical energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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22
Q

What are endplasmic reticulum?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum are structures formed from a series of folded membranes which export the lipids, steroids and proteins produced within through the channels for processing storage and transport as required.

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum and what do they produce?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroids
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - responsible for the synthesis of proteins.

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24
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Structures made up of a bunch of membranes sacs which receive proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to process, pack and transport to other organelles or out of the cell.

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25
Q

How does the golgi apparatus transport proteins out of a cell?

A

Proteins leaving the cell are packed into a vesicle that will merge with the cell membrane and release the protein.

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26
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are vesicles containing powerful enzymes that break down and recycle unwanted structures within the cell. They can also engulf and destroy foreign cells like bacteria.

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27
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Centrosomes are cylindrical structures located near the nucleus, that allow cells to divide and build new cellular structures.

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28
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are short hair like projections from the cell surface.

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29
Q

What are flagella?

A

Flagella are whip-shaped tails used for movement.

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30
Q

What are cytoskeleton?

A

Cytoskeleton are structural proteins that give a cell its shape.

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31
Q

What are the classifications of cellular transport?

A
  • Passive transport
    • Simple diffusion
    • Facilitated diffusion
    • Osmosis
    • Filtration
  • Active transport
    • Active transport pumps
    • Endocytosis
      • Phagocytosis
      • Pinocytosis
    • Exocytosis
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32
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Passive transport does not require external energy to move substances across the cell membrane. All passive transport types move substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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33
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

When a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to allow an even dispersing.

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34
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Similar to simple diffusion in that substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, only that the substance is assisted via a carrier molecule in the direction it was already travelling.

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35
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is where water travels across a membrane from areas of high solvent concentration to areas of low solvent concentration until the concentration is the same on both sides.

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36
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtration is when pressure is applied to force water and small unwanted substances across a selectively permeable membrane while larger, important substances remain where they are.

37
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport differs from passive transport as it requires external energy provided by the molecule ATP.

38
Q

What are active transport pumps?

A

These pumps are integral membrane proteins which undergo a change in conformation or shape upon the binding of ATP to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

39
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is the movement of large substances across the cell membrane through the formation of vesicles.

40
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The ingestion of large solid particles eg. bacteria and parts of dead cells.

41
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The ingestion of liquid droplets.

42
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

This process is similar to endocytosis however instead of substances entering the cell, they are being exported out of the cell. These substance are enclosed in a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane in order to release the substance.

43
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is part of the Mitotic phase and is the division of a cells genetic material.

44
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle includes all the phases of a cells life from its creation, to its reproduction and division.

45
Q

What is interphase?

A

The first of two phases in the cell cycle. During interphase the cell is not dividing but carrying out its normal functions, whilst starting to prepare for division.

46
Q

What is the mitotic phase?

A

The second phase of the cell cycle which is devoted to cell division.

47
Q

What is prophase?

A

The first of four phases of mitosis, where the nuclear membrane disappears, chromatin condenses, chromosomes become visible and a structure called spindle fibers form.

48
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The second and longest phase of mitosis during which chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell.

49
Q

What is anaphase?

A

The third stage of mitosis where chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle and move towards opposite ends of the cell.

50
Q

What is telephase?

A

The fourth and final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes group at both ends of the cell, spindle disappears and the nuclear membranes reforms producing two nuclei, one at either end of the cell.

51
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously to telephase and is the division of the cytoplasm, producing two new, identical cells.

52
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is mitosis out of control.

53
Q

What is diabetes and how does it affect the body on a cellular level?

A
  • Diabetes affects the ability of glucose to be transported across the cell membrane into the mitochondria where cellular respiration occurs.
  • Glucose is the preferred energy source for a cell, but since that process is unable to take place cells must use other biological molecules such as fats and proteins to make energy.
  • Since glucose is not been used to produce energy it can result in high blood sugar.
54
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A
  • Phenylketonuria is caused by the lack of an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine.
  • It causes a build up of phenylalanine particularly in nervous cells and can cause mental retardation.
55
Q

What is tay sachs disease?

A
  • Enzymes are missing from lysosomes in nervous cells.
  • This causes a build up cellular waste products and glyco proteins in a cell
  • results in the inflammation and eventually the destruction of nerve cells
56
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Cystic fibrosis is cause when enzymes are unable to help move chloride to the surface of cell, and therefore is unable to attract water to the cells surface.
  • Results in the improper function of multiple organs in the body.
57
Q

What is familial hypercholesterolemia?

A
  • Enzymes are unable to remove low density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘bad cholesterol’ from cells
  • This cholesterol builds up in arteries and can cause heart attacks and strokes.
58
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
59
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue cover and line organs and cavities.

60
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified?

A 
Shape:
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
Arrangement:
- Simple
- Stratified
- Pseudo-stratified
61
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue is the most common tissue found in the body and its purpose is to join or glue tissues together.

62
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Blood/Lymph
  2. Cartilage
  3. Dense connective tissue
  4. Loose connective tissue
  5. Bone
63
Q

What is blood/lymph tissue?

A

These are fluid forms of connective tisssue found in blood vessels and lymph vessels and assist in the transport of substances around the body.

64
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Cartilage is a form of connective tissue found on the end of bones and in your ears and nose. Cartilage in joints stops bones from rubbing against each other. It the ears and nose it provides a structural role, providing rigidity.

65
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue includes tendons and ligaments. These tissues are connected to bone and muscle and play a structural role in the skeletal system.

66
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue comprises of fat (adipose) and areolar tissues, and are found wrapped around organs as a protective layer.

67
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone is found throughout the body. It is strong and provides both support and protection for the body.”

68
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue provides a means for movement of the body and substances within it.

69
Q

How is muscle tissue classified?

A

Muscle tissue is classified by it ability to contract voluntarily as well as the presence of striations in the muscle cells.

70
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
71
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

The muscle attached to the skeleton. These muscles can contract voluntarily and are striated.

72
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue found in the heart. These muscles are unable to contract voluntarily and are also striated.

73
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle tissue is found in internal organs and blood vessels. These are involuntary muscles and are smooth (no presence of striations).

74
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue is the rapid messenger system.

75
Q

What are the two types of nerve cells found in nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Glia

76
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons use dendrites and axons to transmit and receive electrical impulses over a distance throughout the body.

77
Q

What are glia?

A

Support cells that provide metabolic support for neurons.

78
Q

What are body membranes?

A

Body membranes are a protective layer around the body’s organs.

79
Q

What are the 2 types of body membranes?

A
  1. Epithelial membrane

2. Connective membrane

80
Q

What is an epithelial membrane?

A

Epithelial membranes are a combination of epithelial tissue and connective tissue.

81
Q

What are the 3 different types types of epithelial membranes?

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Mucous
  3. Serous
82
Q

What is a cutaneous membrane?

A

The skin is a cutaneous membrane, it is classified as a dry membrane.

83
Q

What is a mucous membrane?

A

Mucous membranes line the parts of the body that are open to the outside world. They produce mucus which keeps the surface of these organs moist and provides a protective layer.

84
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

Serous membranes line body cavities and body pats that do not open to the outside world. They are a two layered membrane with a gap in between. The parietal layer lines the wall of the body cavity and produces and secretes serous fluid which lubricates the membrane to prevent friction between organs. The visceral layer wraps around the outside of organs.

85
Q

What is a connective tissue membrane?

A

Connective tissue membranes are exclusively composed of connective tissue.

86
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

Synovial membranes and a connective tissue membrane which is found in the spaces between joints. It produces a thick fluid called synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between bones.

87
Q

What are body systems?

A

Body systems are a group of organs that work together to provide a function that cannot be carried out by a single organ.
There are many body systems throughout the body and they are all interrelated and often depend on each other for proper functioning.

88
Q

What are some example of body systems?

A
  • Integumentary (skin)
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine (hormone)
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic (immune)’
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive

EPHLTH170 (11 decks)

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