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EPHLTH170 > Week 2 - Levels of Cellular Organisation > Flashcards

Week 2 - Levels of Cellular Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a body plane?

A

An imaginary line drawn through the body or organ to separate it into different sections.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of body planes?

A
  1. Transverse - separating the body into superior and inferior sections
  2. Median - separating the body into equal left and right sections
  3. Frontal - separating the body into anterior and posterior sections
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3
Q

Anterior and Posterior

A

Anterior- referring to a reference point at or nearer to the front of the body
Posterior - referring to a reference point at or nearer the back of the body

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4
Q

Proximal and Distal

A

Proximal - referring to a point closer to the reference point (shoulder or hip)
Distal - referring to a point farther from the reference point (shoulder or hip)

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5
Q

Superior and Inferior

A

Superior - referring to a reference point on the upper side or the upper half of the body
Inferior - referring to a reference point on the under side or lower half of the body

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6
Q

Medial and Lateral

A

Medial - referring to a point at or nearer to the middle of the body
Lateral - referring to a point at or nearer the sides of the body

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7
Q

Superficial and Deep

A

Superficial - referring to a point at or near the surface of the body
Deep - referring to a point farther from the surface of the body

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8
Q

What are the 6 levels of cellular organisation from simplest to most complex?

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. System Level
  6. Organisational Level
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9
Q

Chemical Level

A

Chemical elements such as hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) come together to form biological molecules such as H2O (water)

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10
Q

Cellular Level

A

Molecules come together to form structures and other component of cells

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11
Q

Tissue Level

A

Groups of similar types of cells come together to from structures called tissues.

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12
Q

Organ Level

A

Groups of two or more different types of tissues work together as an organ to perform a function the tissue alone can not perfrom.

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13
Q

System Level

A

Groups of organs work together to performs functions that a single organ i unable to perform on its own

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14
Q

Organisational Level

A

Several body systems work together to ensure that the whole body functions properly

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15
Q

Examples of body systems

A
  1. Integumentary (skin)
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine (hormone)
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic (immune)
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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16
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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17
Q

List the 4 types of tissue.

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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18
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified?

A 
By shape:
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
By arrangement:
- Simple
- Stratified
- Pseudostratified
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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers and lines the bodies organs and cavities

20
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Most common form of tissue found in the body and as its name suggests it joins or glues tissue together.

21
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Blood/Lymph
  2. Cartilage
  3. Dense Connective Tissue - ligaments and tendons
  4. Loose Connective Tissue - fat (adipose) and areolar tissue
  5. Bone
22
Q

Blood/Lymph Tissue

A

These are fluid forms of connective tissue found in the blood and lymph vessels and assist in the transport of substances around the body

23
Q

Cartilage Tissue

A

A form of connective tissue found on the ends of bones and in yours ears and nose. Cartilage in joints stops bones from rubbing against each other, whereas in the ears and nose it performs a structural role providing rigidity.

24
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

This includes ligaments and tendons which are found attached to the bones and muscles also providing a structural role within the body

25
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Comprising of fat (adipose) and areolar tissue, it is found wrapped around organs acting as a protective layer

26
Q

Bone

A

Found throughout the body bone tissue is strong and provides both support and protection for the body

27
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Produces the means for movement of the body and substances within it.

28
Q

How is muscle tissue classified?

A

By its ability to contract voluntarily and the presence of striations in the muscle tissue

29
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardic
  3. Smooth
30
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Muscles that attach to the skeleton. These muscles can contract voluntarily and are striated.

31
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Found in the heart. These muscles are unable to contract voluntarily but are also striated.

32
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Found in internal organs and blood vessels. These are involuntary muscles and are smooth ( no presence of striations

33
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Acts as a rapid messenger system

34
Q

What are the 2 type of nerve cells found in nervous tissues?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Glia

35
Q

Neurons

A

Neurons use dendrites and axons to send and receive electrical impulses over a distance throughout the whole body

36
Q

Glia

A

There are a number of different types of support cells called glia which provide metabolic support for neurons

37
Q

Membranes

A

Body membranes are like a plastic sheet that wraps around your organs to form a protective layer

38
Q

What are the 2 classifications of membranes

A
  1. Epithelial Membranes

2. Connective Tissue Membranes

39
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A

Composed of both epithelial tissue and connective tissue

40
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes?

A
  1. Cutaneous Membrane
  2. Serous Membrane
  3. Mucous Membrane
41
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

The skin covering the human body is a cutaneous membrane. It is classified as a dry membrane

42
Q

Serous Membrane

A

These membranes line the body cavities and body parts that do not open to the outside world. They are a two layered membrane with a gap in between (parietal and visceral). The parietal layer line the wall of the body cavity and produces and secretes serous fluid which lubricates the membrane to reduce friction between organs. The visceral layer wraps around the outside of organs

43
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Lines the parts of the body that are open to the outside world. they produce mucus that keeps the surface of these organs moist and provides a protective layer

44
Q

Connective Tissue Membranes

A

Membrane exclusively composed of connective tissue

45
Q

Which membrane is a connective tissue membrane

A

The synovial is a connective tissue membrane which is found in the spaces between joints. It produces a thick fluid called a synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between bones

EPHLTH170 (11 decks)

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