Week 3

Question 1

Inequatlities of tourism

Answer 1

1. spatial
2. social - some stakeholders benefit disproportionately
3. societal spheres - economy vs environment e.g.

Question 2

Nature conservation and tourism paradigms

Answer 2

1. nature and ecology
2. interdisciplinary - also about human interactions with the environment, how people value it, not just about soil values

Question 3

Geotourism 2 definitions (as example of different nature and tourism paradigms)

Answer 3

1. Yosemite Park example: Enabling tourists to acquire understanding and geomorphology of a site beyond the level of more aesthetic appreciation, knowledge of why landform is relevant. Expert knowledge - value of landscape is objective.
2. National geographic: tourism that sustains, enhances the geographical character of a place. Its environment, heritage, aesthetics, culture and well-being of residents.

Question 4

Types of alternative tourism and what is alternative tourism

Answer 4

1. reaction to mass tourism, started in 1970s

examples: agro-tourism, eco-tourism,

Question 5

Ecotourism characteristics

Answer 5

1. including nature in society

2. Going to undisturbed nature areas, as well as the culture of the area

Question 6

Carrying Capacity definitions and challenges

Answer 6

1. threshold of what an ecosystem destination can endure
   - Evolved from Neo-Malthusian perspective of resource limitations
   - idea is that there is an intrinsic value of nature. Does not take into account ability to adapt, or uncertainty about the threshold and what the causes of the limit are. - Can we say the threshold is an exact number of tourists?
   - Causality is an issue: what exactly is causing the carrying capacity?
   - Mccool and Lime 2001: how much is too much?
   - Impact as a social construct, not an absolute value
   - There is an necessity to plan, cooperate and manage

Question 7

Malthus theories

Answer 7

• population growth is going too quickly, we cannot follow it with our productivity levels.
• The maximum number of food we can produce is limited, so the population will start dying off.

Question 8

Three types of resilience (Heslinga et al, 2017)

Answer 8

1. Engineering resilience: one stable equilibrium
2. ecological resilience: multiple equilibria
3. evolutionary resilience: adapting and transforming. towards equilibrium.

Question 9

Socio-ecological system

Answer 9

• About the same as evolutionary resilience
• tourism and landscapes form a continuum
• dynamic is unpredictable
• carrying capacity can’t be established, have to deal with uncertainty.

Question 10

Master planning

Answer 10

ability to control development trajectories. Kind of planning that is linked to first research paradigm of how humans and environment interact

Question 11

planning paradigm vs. administrative rationality (Stokke and Haukeland)

Answer 11

planning paradigm (striking balance between different interests and values)
administrative rationality: focus on nature conservation on scientific basis
relates to: socio-ecological system, Keyim collaborative governance, synergy between tourism and landscapes (Heslinga)

Question 12

Linear master planning vs. adaptive co-management

Answer 12

• ability to control trajectories
• or being flexible and resilient (adaptive co-management)

relates to: research paradigms in natural resource management: interdisciplinary or ecological.

Question 13

physical landscape vs. natural landscape

Answer 13

Physical landscape: the non living, physical environment like landforms
natural landscape: the biotic side, the lived things