Week 2

Question 1

How is tourism a fragmented sector?

Answer 1

1. stakeholders are diverse and fragmented
2. no one has enough power to manage destination by themselves
3. it is dependent on other sectors, not a sector in itself. it requires hotels, restaurants
4. dependent on public services
5. gap between tourism planning and spatial planning
6. tourism is dependent on policy on multiple scales

Question 2

Milne and Ateljevic Multi Scalar Tourism System

Answer 2

• local, regional, national, global scales of policy-making, regulations, interaction, collaboration.
• tourism is used particularly on a regional level.

Question 3

Government vs governance

Answer 3

Government = traditional way of hierarchical policymaking by formal organization and structures of the state
Governance = more flexible. Networked cooperation by governmental and non-governmental organizations. Often in form of public-private partnership. Not necessarily on larger state level

Question 4

Why is governance a container term?

Answer 4

1. different ways of organizing governance, there is no single form of governance.
   e. g. collaborative governance, network governance, etc.

Question 5

Tourism first development perspective: (and who theorised it?)

Answer 5

Burn, 1999

• regional development as a consequence of developing tourism
• related to trickle down economics
• develops all industries, but all in order to cater to tourism, e.g. arts and crafts but for tourism

Question 6

Development first perspective of tourism (stoffelen and vanneste)

Answer 6

• develops all industries, but independently. e.g. arts and crafts is not catered towards tourists
• tourism is just one of the things that can make a place more liveable
• all industries contribute to economy together and equally, not tourism at the top of the pyramid
• tourism specific plans link up to other sectors
• not about improving competitiveness necessarily, but about dealing with tourism you already have

Question 7

Four governance typologies (Michael Hall)

Answer 7

1. hierarchical (basically government)
2. market (privatization of tourism, still quite hierarchal and does not achieve self-regulation)
3. network (flexible system)
4. community (decision making among local stakeholders, but makes tourism more fragmented, so it is usually only on a small scale)

Question 8

Process-based analysis

Answer 8

not looking at outcomes, but about the steps before the outcomes of tourism, for example. it is as much about how you get there as the final result- e.g. Holwerd sense of place project. about what the project will bring during it and not necessarily about the art

Question 9

DMO challenges

Answer 9

1. Conflicts with stakeholders since they are frequently competitors
2. free-rider mentality
3. turf sovereignty - stakeholders want to maintain ownership over certain activities
4. fragementation of public-private partnerships
5. different ideologies on role of state
6. lack of stakeholder awareness on value of regional cooperation — just want to run their BnB for example, why should waste time on cooperation

Question 10

DMO (destination management organization) components and what is it?

Answer 10

UNWTO: “the leading organizational entity which may encompass the various authorities, stakeholders and professionals and facilitates partnerships towards a collective destination vision”

An organization that normally is under the jurisdiction of the local, regional or national government and have political and legislative power as well as the financial means to manage the destination’s resources rationally and to ensure that all stakeholders can benefit in the long term.

Question 11

Relational approach

Answer 11

way of interacting or communicating with others that embodies core values such as respect, inclusiveness, honesty, compassion, cooperation and humility
examples:
 Collaborative governance & participatory planning
 Network governance
 Integrated rural tourism
 Backward linkages
 Rural web

Question 12

Scalar gap

Answer 12

between different levels of governance/government. e.g. between the local and regional. See Czech Republic and Germany paper - scalar gap because there was no equivalent management level between the countries

Question 13

Networking vehicles

Answer 13

when local groups combine interests and become collectively represented — e.g. 10 representatives who collectively discuss issues that represent different groups of people — transferring people’s opinion to a higher level – so that it is not as fragmented, for example.

Question 14

Keyim: pre-conditions for collaborative governance

Answer 14

Broad and equal participation
Presence of a legitimate platform
Adequate resources

Question 15

Core-periphery dichotomy

Answer 15

• core has power, periphery is ignored more

- Agglomeration approach to economic development. Spatial clustering of tourism activities increases choice to consumers

Question 16

Saarinen 2003

Answer 16

• regional development goals are not always the same as tourism industry goals/outcomes
• related to fragmentation, different stakeholder interests, DMO challenges
• relates to Stoffelen and Vanneste Speyside paper (also uneven goals)

Question 17

Geographic spread effects

Answer 17

• The filtering of wealth from central, prosperous areas, to peripheral, needier areas.
• The spread effect is the spatial equivalent of trickle-down economics.

Question 18

Challenges with VFR tourism

Answer 18

• spend less money
• do not stay at commercial lodging
• VFR tourists are usually poorer so spend less money by default

Question 19

Tourismification

Answer 19

Jansen Verbeke, 2013

explain more!! and read paper

Question 20

List the four components of regional institutionalisation that frames region- building processes (Paasi, 1996 & 2011)

Answer 20

1. Territorial shaping, in which a distinct spatial unit is created and its boundaries
2. Symbolic shaping - regional narratives are constructed
3. Institutional shaping - institutionalalized social practices reproduce territorial and symbolic shapes
4. Establishment of region as social consciousness

Question 21

Rural web

Answer 21

Marsden, 2010

• regional development is dependent on networks, interactions and activities that determine how territorial resources are commodified
• webs link human and non-human components of territory

Question 22

Integrated Rural Tourism IRT what is it? and what are the 3 elements?

Answer 22

tourism that is supported by social networks and local actors.
1. Embededness: integration of socio-cultural and territorial context in tourism development. Using local knowledge
2. Endogeneity: retention of tourism-related benefits by focusing on local resources and values of local people
3. Empowerment: shift of power balances so everyone in tourism process can join
BUT need to maintain balance between embedded and disembedded, endogenous and exogenous etc.

Question 23

Disintegrated regional institutionalization

Answer 23

see Week 2 Stoffelen chart

Question 24

SWA

MWT

Answer 24

Scottish Whiskey Association

Malt Whiskey Trail

Question 25

Commodified Place Myth

Answer 25

Urry.

Question 26

Tourismification, Jansen-Verbeke, 2013

Answer 26

• Cultural resources are under threat as tourism becomes more standardized
• different urban areas have different tourism functions. divided into three types: only for tourists, mix of tourism and normal urban life, and not designated for tourists at all