Week 3

Question 1

What are the 3 types of learning theories

Answer 1

Response strengthening (1900-1950)

Information Processing (1960-1970)

Knowledge Construction (1980-1990)

Question 2

Define Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell)

Question 3

Define Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

Learning process through which the strength of a behaviour is modified by reinforcement or punishment

Question 4

How does response strengthening view the teacher/student/information relationship?

Answer 4

Teacher: Dispenser I’d reward and punishment
Student: Recipient or reward and punishment
Information: Repetition (drill-practise)

Question 5

How does information processing view the teacher/student/information relationship?

Answer 5

Teacher: Dispenser of information
Student: Recipient of information
Instruction: Textbook and lecture

Question 6

How does knowledge construction view the teacher/student/information relationship?

Answer 6

Teacher: Guide for explaining academic tasks
Student: Sense maker
Instruction: Discussion, guided discovery

Question 7

What are the negative and positive effects of response strengthening?

Answer 7

Negative:
Very narrow view of learning
Cannot explain insight and observational learning

Positive
Works well for behaviour modification and automatisation
Contributes towards explanations of addictions and phobia

Question 8

What are the negative and positive effects of Information Processing?

Answer 8

Negative: Literal interpretation is not in line with recent research (ignored effect, interest, motivation)

Positive:
Constructivist interpretation in line with recent research
Inspired research on cognition, mental representations, mental processes and learning as an active process

Question 9

What are the negative and positive effects of knowledge construction?

Answer 9

Negative:
Still evolving paradigm in light of new research

Positive:
Do not make constructivism into an ideology

Question 10

Name the three theorists involved in response strengthening

Answer 10

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936
Dog digestion
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Edward Thorndlike (1874-1949)
Cats in puzzle box
LAWS OF EFFECT AND EXCERISE

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)
Animals on Skinner box
OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 11

What is the literal interpretation of information process?

Answer 11

Information as objective entities

Operations or algorithms performed with information

Question 12

What is the constructivist interpretation of information process?

Answer 12

Information is selected, organised and integrated to form knowledge
Mental processing involves understanding

Question 13

Define discovery learning

Answer 13

Making connections between what they are learning to the context

Question 14

What are the key principles of knowledge construction? (5)

Answer 14

Active participation in learning 
Self-regulation of learning 
Social interaction of learning 
Authentic learning situations 
Knowledge is relative and differs between learners

Question 15

Examples of knowledge construction

Answer 15

Discovery, inquiry, cooperative, collaborative, peer-assisted learning
Cognitive apprenticeship, reciprocal teaching, anchored instruction

Question 16

What are the 4 main moderate constructivism’s

Answer 16

Learning with authentic problems 
Learning with multiple contexts with multiple perspectives 
Learning with social interaction 
Learning with instructional support 
  Drill and practice 
  Direct Instruction
  Guided Discovery