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HNN > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

This is a sensation of a sound when there is no auditory stimulus

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2
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Definitive illusion of movement of the subject , surroundings which indicates a disturbance of vestibular VIII CN brainstem or cortical function

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3
Q

What is Ménière’s disease ?

A

An excessive accumulation of endolymph in the membraneous labyrinth . The volume of endolymph increases with the distension of the Scala media untill the membrane ruptures

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4
Q

Clinical features of Ménière’s disease ?

A

Tinnitus
Fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss
Vertigo
Sensation of fullness in the ear

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5
Q

Treatment for Ménière’s disease ?

Symptomatic relief and surgical interventions

A

Symptomatic - during acute episodes with antiemetics and anticholinergics
Keeping a low sodium diet may help reduce vol of endolymph
Cessation of smoking

Surgical-
Shunts in place to drain excess endolymph
Removal of portions of the vestibulocochlear nerve and destruction of the membraneous labyrinth are option .

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6
Q

Explain tendon jerk reflexes

A

Stimulus - tendon tap stretches muscle and activates muscle spindle receptors then there is conduction along afferent sensory fibres .
Transmission at synapses between the afferent and motor neuron then there is conduction along the efferent motor fibres.
Neuromuscular transmission-> excitation contraction coupling -> twitch contraction of skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What are the three main divisions of the frontal lobe?

A

Prefrontal cortex - personality expression , complex cognitive behaviour

Premotor cortex - voluntary muscle movement

Primary motor cortex ( motor homunculus) - voluntary muscle movement

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8
Q

What cortex is in the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory cortex which is essential to the processing of the body’s senses . Pressure , touch , pain

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9
Q

The occipital lobe is the main centre for visual processing , what cortex is situated here?

A

Primary visual cortex.
This region of the brain receives visual input from the retina via the optic nerve and these visual signals are interpreted on the occipital lobes

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10
Q

What are the structures of the limbic system and what lobe are they in?

A

The olfactory cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus
- all located in temporal lobe

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11
Q

What is wernicke’s area ?

A

Sensory language understanding , lexical processing .

Damage to here will result in aphasia and poor comprehension

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12
Q

What happens if there is damage to Broca’s area?

A

Results in aphasia , non fluent and slow speech because it is the motor aspect of speech

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13
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Processing of auditory info

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14
Q

What parts is the basal ganglia divided into?

A

Corpus striatum
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia Nigra

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15
Q

What is the corpus striatum made up of ?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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16
Q

What does the subthalamic nuclei produce?

A

The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

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17
Q

Substantia Nigra produces what?

A

The neurotransmitter dopamine which is involved in Nigro-striatal pathway. Damage to this causes Parkinson’s

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18
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Deals with autonomic / involuntary functions . Carries out many life sustaining functions such as breathing , heart rate , blood pressure , swallowing

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19
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

Connects the cerebral cortex to the medulla

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20
Q

What is the thalamus ?

A

(Relay station)

It the location of the cell bodies of 3rd order neurons in ascending pathways

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21
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

The control centre for many autonomic functions of the PNS

Influences the pituitary gland

22
Q

What does the Amygdala do?

A

Almond shaped group of neurons located in medial temporal lobes that perform processing and memory of emotional reactions

23
Q

The cranial cavity has 2 dural reflections what are they called and where are they?

A

Tentorium cerebelli ( between occipital lobes and cerebellum )

Falx cerebri ( between cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal cerebral fissures )

24
Q

What are the muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis

Masseter

Medial and lateral pterygoids

25
Q

What nerves come of the trigeminal nerve CN V

A

Opthalamic

Maxillary

Mandibular

26
Q

Function of the facial nerve ?

A

Motor- fascist muscles

Sensory - anterior 2/3 of tongue

Parasympathetic - submandibular , sublingual , lacrimal, pharyngeal glands.

27
Q

What is the Rinne test?

A

Place a sounding tuning fork on the patients mastoid process and then to their ear and ask which is louder . Normal patient finds second position louder

28
Q

What is webers test ?

A

Place the tuning fork base down in the centre of the patients forehead and ask if it’s louder in either ear - should be heard equally in both ears

29
Q

Function of glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

A

Sensory - posterior 1/3 of tongue , middle ear cavity , soft palate and tonsils

Motor- stylopharyngeus muscle

Parasympathetic - parotid gland

30
Q

Function of the vagus nerve ?

A

Sensory - larynx , laryngopharynx, external acoustic meatus

Motor- most muscles of the larynx and pharynx

Parasympathetic - smooth muscles of the bronchioles , SA node of the heart , GI motility

31
Q

Clinical test for vagus nerve ?

A

Patient says aghhhhhhh
The uvula should be observed to check that it lies centrally and doesn’t deviate

Asking the patient to speak

32
Q

What nerve controls the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezium ?

A

Spinal accessory

33
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

Muscles of the tongue except palatoglussus which is innervated by CN X

34
Q

Picks out and destroys the temporal lobe ?

A

Herpes simplex

35
Q

Impairment in person knowledge . Can’t put names to face or recognise peoples voice

A

Prosopagnosia

36
Q

Implicit memory

A

No conscious access to implicit memory stores

Can function independently of explicit like typing

Profound amnesia can occur in context of normal implicit memory (korsakoffs)

Dependent on networks involving basal ganglia and cerebellum
Can’t be tested at the bedside

37
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meat is and the Stylomastoid foramen

38
Q

What is excitotoxicity?

A

Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, such as the NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor.

39
Q

What is intracranial pressure

A

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and, at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for a supine adult.

40
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure is what?

A

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) is defined as the difference between the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and the Intracranial Pressure (ICP). CPP = MAP - ICP. This represents the pressure gradient driving cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hence oxygen and metabolite delivery.

41
Q

what epithelium is seen in the choroid plexus in lateral ventricle

A

simple cuboidal with microvilli

42
Q

How can you assess the depth of consciousness by a method involving one of the trigeminal divisions

A

By applying pressure to the supraorbital nerve

43
Q

what thin membrane seperates the two lateral ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

44
Q

the third ventricle lies in the midline of the forebrain

A

diencephalon

45
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located

A

located between the brainstem and the cerebellum

46
Q

where does the cerebral aqueduct pass through

A

the mid brain

47
Q

where does the CSF escape?

A

the fluid reaches the 4th ventricle and from here escapes through foramina to enter the subarachnoid space which surrounds the brain. the CSF is removed from the space through the arachnoid granulations which project into the superior sagittal sinus and thus reenters the blood stream.

48
Q

Which nerve provides somatosensory

innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

Innervation of the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell is via the olfactory nerve, which sends microscopic fibers from the olfactory bulb through the cribriform plate to reach the top of the nasal cavity. General sensory innervation is by branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1 & V2)

49
Q

what is the superior oblique muscle of the eye innervated by?

A

trochlear nerve

50
Q

lateral rectus muscle of the eye is innervated by?

A

abducens nerve

51
Q

what are ballistic movements

A

pre programmed. movement based largely on a set of pre-programmed instructions . rapid but at expense of accuracy

HNN (13 decks)

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