tongu Flashcards
space between the vocal folds is called …
the rima glottidis
the space between the vestibular fold is called the …
rima vestibuli
what do the vestibular folds do?
they function in holding the breath aainst pressure in the thoracic cavity
what is the anatomical name for the adams apple
laryngeal prominence
what is the thyroid cartilage connected to the hyoid bone by?
thyrohyoid membrane
what membrane is pierced in an emergency tracheotomy
cricothyroid membrane
what causes the epiglottis to move down over the glottis ?
elavation of the larynx
what are the three paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton ?
Arytenoid , cuneiform, corniculate
what are the three single cartilages in the laryngeal skeleton ?
thyroid ,
cricoid,
epiglottis
what level does the voice box lie on?
C4-6
What is leukoplakia
A white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off and cannot be characterised clinically or pathologically as any other disease
What is erythroplakia
Less common than leukoplakia
Characterised by the presence of red velvety patches of epithelial atrophy and pronounced dysplasia - associated with heavy tobacco use
95% of all head and neck cancers are
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinomas
Derived from epithelial lining
May arise from existing dysplasias
Aggressive malignancy
Usually diagnosed and late stages
Progression of squamous cell carcinoma
Normal Hyperplasia / hyperkeratosis Mild/moderate dysplasia Severe dysplasia/ carcinoma in situ Squamous cell carcinoma
Pathogenesis for HNSCC
Multifactorial Smoking Alcohol HVP Genetics Actinic radiation Nutritional deficiency
What innervated the genioglossus and what r the functions
Sticks out the tongue
Depressed central part of the tongue
CN XII
What functions does the hyoglossus carry out and what nerve innervates it ?
Depresses tongue
Innervated by CNXII
What does the styloglossus do? And what nerve innervates it
Retracts the tongue and pulls the back of the tongue superiorly
Innervated by the CN XII
What does the palatoglossus do? And what nerve innervates
Elavates back of tongue
Moves the palatoglossal arches of mucosa towards the midline
Depresses the soft palate
Innervated by vagus nerve
how many pieces of cartilage is the larynx composed of ?
9
3x single cartilages (thyroid , epiglottis, cricoid )
3 x paired (arytenoid,cuneiform, corniculate)
emergency tracheotomy
cricoid cartilage
what is the epithelium superior to the vocal folds
non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
what is the lining of the larynx inferior to the vocal folds
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells.
mucous membrane of the larynx forms two folds , what are they?
superior pair -> ventricular folds - false vocal cords
inferior pair ->vocal folds - true vocal folds
how do the vocal cords produce sound
when the intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract , they move the cartilages which pulls the elastic ligaments tight and this stretches the vocal folds out into the airways so that the rima glottidis is narrowed, air passing through the larynx vibrates the folds and produces sound by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx , nose and mouth
role of speech therapist after oral-maxillofacial surgery
assess patients communication and swallowing function
provide exercise to maximise oral function
maximise functional use of oral communication and provide therapy if required .
provide ongoing specialist advice
role of speech therapist for ENT surgery
meet patient and fam before surgery and advise on expected changes to communication and swallowing , inform of support groups .
post surgery , assess patients communication , provide voice restoration /communication therapy , maximise non oral communicaction .
provide ongoing advice on swallowing and so on
speech theraist role in radiotherapy / chemo
Assess patient’s speech, voice and swallowing and
monitor any changes during treatment
Provide exercise to maintain swallow function
Maximise swallow function and airway protection
Establish safe transition from tube feeding to oral
feeding
Provide ongoing specialist advice on communication
and swallow function
