tongu

Question 1

space between the vocal folds is called …

Answer 1

the rima glottidis

Question 2

the space between the vestibular fold is called the …

Answer 2

rima vestibuli

Question 3

what do the vestibular folds do?

Answer 3

they function in holding the breath aainst pressure in the thoracic cavity

Question 4

what is the anatomical name for the adams apple

Answer 4

laryngeal prominence

Question 5

what is the thyroid cartilage connected to the hyoid bone by?

Answer 5

thyrohyoid membrane

Question 6

what membrane is pierced in an emergency tracheotomy

Answer 6

cricothyroid membrane

Question 7

what causes the epiglottis to move down over the glottis ?

Answer 7

elavation of the larynx

Question 8

what are the three paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton ?

Answer 8

Arytenoid , cuneiform, corniculate

Question 9

what are the three single cartilages in the laryngeal skeleton ?

Answer 9

thyroid ,
cricoid,
epiglottis

Question 10

what level does the voice box lie on?

Answer 10

C4-6

Question 11

What is leukoplakia

Answer 11

A white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off and cannot be characterised clinically or pathologically as any other disease

Question 12

What is erythroplakia

Answer 12

Less common than leukoplakia
Characterised by the presence of red velvety patches of epithelial atrophy and pronounced dysplasia - associated with heavy tobacco use

Question 13

95% of all head and neck cancers are

Answer 13

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Question 14

Squamous cell carcinomas

Answer 14

Derived from epithelial lining
May arise from existing dysplasias
Aggressive malignancy
Usually diagnosed and late stages

Question 15

Progression of squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 15

Normal
Hyperplasia / hyperkeratosis 
Mild/moderate dysplasia
Severe dysplasia/ carcinoma in situ
Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 16

Pathogenesis for HNSCC

Answer 16

Multifactorial
Smoking
Alcohol
HVP
Genetics
Actinic radiation 
Nutritional deficiency

Question 17

What innervated the genioglossus and what r the functions

Answer 17

Sticks out the tongue
Depressed central part of the tongue
CN XII

Question 18

What functions does the hyoglossus carry out and what nerve innervates it ?

Answer 18

Depresses tongue

Innervated by CNXII

Question 19

What does the styloglossus do? And what nerve innervates it

Answer 19

Retracts the tongue and pulls the back of the tongue superiorly
Innervated by the CN XII

Question 20

What does the palatoglossus do? And what nerve innervates

Answer 20

Elavates back of tongue
Moves the palatoglossal arches of mucosa towards the midline
Depresses the soft palate
Innervated by vagus nerve

Question 21

how many pieces of cartilage is the larynx composed of ?

Answer 21

9
3x single cartilages (thyroid , epiglottis, cricoid )
3 x paired (arytenoid,cuneiform, corniculate)

Question 22

emergency tracheotomy

Answer 22

cricoid cartilage

Question 23

what is the epithelium superior to the vocal folds

Answer 23

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 24

what is the lining of the larynx inferior to the vocal folds

Answer 24

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells.

Question 25

mucous membrane of the larynx forms two folds , what are they?

Answer 25

superior pair -> ventricular folds - false vocal cords

inferior pair ->vocal folds - true vocal folds

Question 26

how do the vocal cords produce sound

Answer 26

when the intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract , they move the cartilages which pulls the elastic ligaments tight and this stretches the vocal folds out into the airways so that the rima glottidis is narrowed, air passing through the larynx vibrates the folds and produces sound by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx , nose and mouth

Question 27

role of speech therapist after oral-maxillofacial surgery

Answer 27

assess patients communication and swallowing function

provide exercise to maximise oral function

maximise functional use of oral communication and provide therapy if required .

provide ongoing specialist advice

Question 28

role of speech therapist for ENT surgery

Answer 28

meet patient and fam before surgery and advise on expected changes to communication and swallowing , inform of support groups .
post surgery , assess patients communication , provide voice restoration /communication therapy , maximise non oral communicaction .

provide ongoing advice on swallowing and so on

Question 29

speech theraist role in radiotherapy / chemo

Answer 29

Assess patient’s speech, voice and swallowing and
monitor any changes during treatment
Provide exercise to maintain swallow function
Maximise swallow function and airway protection
Establish safe transition from tube feeding to oral
feeding
Provide ongoing specialist advice on communication
and swallow function