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HNN > Gi Anatomy > Flashcards

Gi Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the position of the appendix

A

Posteromedial surface of the caecum

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2
Q

What supplies the ascending colon

A

Superior mesenteric art

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3
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric art supply

A

The rest of the transverse colon the descending and rectum

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4
Q

What are the the anal columns

A

The last portion of the rectum , the anal canal contains small longitudinal folds called anal columns . Oh the distal end of the anal column the columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What epithelium is at the anus

A

Keratinised epidermis

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6
Q

What kind of muscle is the internal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle - involuntary

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7
Q

The external anal sphincter is what muscle

A

Skeletal muscle and is voluntary control

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8
Q

What epithelium is in the small intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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9
Q

Describe large intestine

A

Walls much thinner than small intestine

No villi

Many goblet cells

Mucosa does not produce enzymes

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10
Q

What type of movement is in the large intestine

A

Segmentation contraction

Mass action contractions also called mass movement

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11
Q

What stimulates CFTR

A

The presence of bacteria in the intestine stimulates CFTR . Enterotoxins are released by bacteria and activate intracellular c AMP / protein kinase A and signal CFTR on apical surface .

Receptor is easily affected by drugs due to being in the cAMP pathway

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12
Q

How is chloride absorbed into cell?

A

Via chloride - bicarbonate anitporter

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13
Q

How does potassium move between cells

A

Passively moves along the conc gradient set up by absorption of water

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14
Q

Where is CFTR present

A

Intestine , pancreatic ducts and lungs

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15
Q

What vitamins are not absorbed by guy without influence of bile

A

Vit A D E K

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16
Q

Characteristics of proximal colon

A

Fermentation chamber

Absorption

Vagal/ pelvic and splanchic /lumbar

Superior mesenteric art

Absorptive mechanism? - 95% Cl dependent

Luminal character- active bacterial metabolism
- carb fermentation
- h2 production
Increased short chain fatty acids

17
Q

Distal colon characteristics

A
  • storage
  • absorption
  • pelvic / lumbar
  • inferior mesenteric art
  • chlorine dependent
    Semisolid
    PH 7
    Less bacterial activity
    Amino acid fermentation
    Methane production
18
Q

Why does upper gut have low pop of bacteria

A

Gastric activity
Propulsive motility
Pancreatic enzymes

19
Q

Definition of diarrhoea

A

Increase in volume of stool or frequency if defacation

Change of vowel habit

20
Q

What is dysentery

A

A painful , bloody , low volume diarrhoea

21
Q

What’s osmotic diarrhoea

A

An increase in the number of osmotic particles in the lumen .
Both the electrolytes and absorbed nutrients (sugar and amino acids ) contribute to osmosis . If the absorption of either of these is reduced like in protein losing enteropathy , osmotic diarrhoea will occur

22
Q

Secretory diarrhoea ?

A

Mature cells near the tips of the small intestinal Villi are responsible for absorption . They r stimulated to increase rate of secretion by a number of factors (ach 5HT ) to cause increase in intracellular calcium . Increase in active secretions , decrease in absorption

23
Q

Inflammatory diarrhoea

A

Expiration of mucus , blood , protein from sites of active inflammation into the bowel lumen . Due to damage of the intestinal mucosa resulting in the loss of blood and fluid - crohns

24
Q

What is ecg evidence of hyperkalaemia

A

Tall peaked T wave
Loss of p wave
Widened QRS with tall T wave

25
Q

Rotavirus?

A

Virus replicates in intestinal epithelial cells - infected cells are damaged leaving immature cells with reduced absorptive capacity for sugar water and salts - so there is fluid accumulation in the lumen

26
Q

Hypokalaemia on ecg

A

Slightly peaked p wave
St depression
Prominent u wave
Shallow t wave

27
Q

Does alkalosis cause hypokalaemia or hyper

A

Hypo

28
Q

Acidosis causes hypo or hyper kalaemia

A

Hyper

HNN (13 decks)

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