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SOC 100 > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the development of sociology as a sci

A

19th century philosophers helped create the modern way of scientifically studying society.

  • imperialism, bc of Christianity
  • Ind, Revolution- have to know how to navigate ties
  • advances in natural sciences
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2
Q

officially called sociology, sociology

A

Auguste Comte

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3
Q

theoretical perspectives (3) main

A

symbolic interaction theory
conflict theory
^ both deal w/ feminism theory
structural functional theory

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4
Q

what is theory

A

a statement about how same parents of the world fit together and how they work
*explanation of how two or more facts are related to each other

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5
Q

explain symbolic interaction / is it micro, macro, meso?

A

micro, interaction between individuals

  • people use symbols to develop and share their views of the world
  • people interact on the basis of those meanings
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6
Q

Symbols

A

things to which we attach meaning

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7
Q

reality is..

A

a social construction

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8
Q

functional-struct theory

A

functionalists- meso/macro
-think society is composed of various parts (social structure and processes each with a function when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equillibrium

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9
Q

who challenged the funct-struct theory?

A

Robert Merton

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10
Q

functional-struct theory example(meso/macro)

A

functions are consequences of an action or behavior

  • manifest function-planned w/ outcome
  • latent function: unintended outcome
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11
Q

merton believed

A

structures may be functional and/ or dysfunctional

  • some of our social system can be eliminated
  • dysfunctional undermines stability
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12
Q

what are critiques of functionalism

A

unable to deal with..

  • history(ahistorical)-doesn’t take history unto account
  • process of social change
  • conflict- tension between people

planned– manifest– get a job,degree
unplanned–latent–unemployment, debt

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13
Q

dysfunctions / structural functional theory

A

-undermines stability

Manifest dysfunctions are anticipated disruptions of social life. For example, a manifest dysfunction of a festival might include disruptions of transportation and excessive production of garbage.

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14
Q

conflict theory- prestige

A

people struggle for scare resources, conflict is inevitable
founders- Karl Mark
class struggle
Harriet Martineau (11 yrs earlier) said social laws as a inequality

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15
Q

conflict theory- means of production

A

radical-

people are divided into classes

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16
Q

marx conflict theory

A

Marx saw conflict as primarily resulting from class conflicts within industry and the economic segment of society. Max Weber (1864-1920) proposed that power, prestige and property also added to social conflict and that such conflict was found in all aspects of society (e.g., politics, gender, and religion).

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17
Q

conflict theory- two classes people are divided in

A

1- bourgeuise (rulers) those who control the means of production
2- proletarial (rules) those who worked the means of production

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18
Q

marx’s weber contribution to society

A

weber agreed w/ marx on

  • centrality of economics
  • importance of property relations for making social change
  • But to Weber conflict was more than just economics*
  • ideas affect the economy
  • The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
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19
Q

Weber thought

A

it was not where one stood in relation to the means of production but where they stood in status
*power is the basis of all forms of conflict

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20
Q

what else did Weber think about conflict theory?

A

that real divisions were between the powerful and powerless with gradations in between

  • stressed the idea of social change
  • groups with power, prestige, privilege try to limit access to other groups and monopolize positions
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21
Q

criticisms of conflict theory

A

has been criticized for igniting order/stability

  • ideologically radical (marxist)
  • focus on macro and mess
22
Q

feminist theory

A

Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women’s social roles, experience, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication, psychoanalysis,[1] home economics, literature, education, and philosophy.

23
Q

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence. Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation or question and works it’s way to a theory by examining the related issues.

24
Q

hypotheses

A

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

25
Q

inductive

A

Therefore, inductive reasoning moves from specific instances into a generalized conclusion, while deductive reasoning moves from generalized principles that are known to be true to a true and specific conclusion. The accuracy of inductive reasoning is questionable.

26
Q

A. Sociologists use the scientific method in their research. Steps in the research process include planning, designing, analysis, and conclusion (know the steps)

A
  1. Planning a research study
  2. Define the problem clearly
  3. Find out what is already known about the topic
  4. Formulate hypotheses
  5. Operationalize definitions of variables
    a. Operationalization
    b. Variables
27
Q

founder of conflict theory

A 
karl marx
harriet martineau (saw social  laws as an inequality)
28
Q

emperical research and social theory

A

theory and research are interdependent!
theories tell researchers what facts to look for
-researchers use facts to test theories

29
Q

the research project

A

planning the research study
designing the research plan and method for collecting data
msking sense of the date

30
Q

planning a study you must

A

1define the problem clearly
-must be specific and precise
2find out what is already known about the topic
3formulate the hyportheses is define variables

31
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess about the relationship between two variables which can be tested

variables concepts that can vary in frequences of occurance across persons, place, time

operationalizing a varibale linking the variable concept

32
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess about the relationship between the two variables which can be tested

33
Q

variables

A

concepts that can vary in frequency of occurance across persons, place, time

34
Q

operationalizing a variable

A

linking the variable concept to a specific measurement

35
Q

research’s aim

A

to find the causal relationship ways that two variables can be reflected

36
Q

correlation

A

varibales change together

37
Q

causation

A

one variable causes another to change

38
Q

independent variable

A

it causes of change

39
Q

dependent varibable

A

changes

40
Q

how to design reseach and collect data/ by?

A

v importants
value of a study depends upon the quality of data

by surveys, field study, controlled experiment
exisitng sources, triangulation,2/more methods

41
Q

examples of survey methods

A

interviews-phone/person

questionnaire’s

42
Q

question types

A

open ended-what they want to say/elborate

closed ended-respondents must choose from a set of predetermined answers

43
Q

types of study

A
  • non-participation observation
  • participant observation
  • ehtonography-uses observation interviews, self reflections, other techniques to pursue any data relvant to research problem-which may evolve over the course of the study
44
Q

field studies-observatio

A

used to systematically answer and record interaction in the setting where it takes place

45
Q

experiments ?

A

controleed experiments
powerful.true experiment
cause/effect and quasi experiment design

46
Q

explained true experiments and quasi

A

True experiments, in which all the important factors that might affect the phenomena of interest are completely controlled, are the preferred design. Often, however, it is not possible or practical to control all the key factors, so it becomes necessary to implement a quasi-experimental research design.

47
Q

what are elements of a controlled experiment

A

-research manipulate individual variable- determine its effects other variables- held constant

  • experimental group subjects that recieves treatment
  • control group-subjects not exposed to treatment
  • both groups are compared todetermine the treatment’s effects
48
Q

designing research/colleting data invlolves

A

samples- small group of people/larger pop

49
Q

representative- sampling

A

accuracy reflects the population being studied so findings can be generalized to the population

50
Q

random-sampling

A

most common type of representative sample

every person in population

51
Q

analysis

A 
develops a report
-outline of project
-data analysis-summarizing data
-conclusions are hypotheses supported by data
interpretations and recommendations
52
Q

ethical issues in soc. research

A

sociological research is burned by ethical codes which generally require that..

research subject give informed consent to participate in studies

  • do not harm/cause harm subject
  • privacy
  • protected privavy

SOC 100 (8 decks)

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