Week 3 Flashcards
Define High level language/cognitive communication disorder
Difficulty with any aspect of communication that is the result of disruption of cognition (includes: attention, memory, perception, reasoning, problem solving and executive function).
Define Aphasia (Dysphasia)
Impairment to our ability to understand, produce and use language. Results from damage to the parts of the brain the contain language (left hemisphere).
Define Dysarthria
Motor speech disorder. Results from any neurological condition or ‘lesion’ which causes the innervation of muscles to operate inefficiently, displaying weakness, lack of coordination, alternation in muscle tone.
Define Dyspraxia
Motoric or motor speech disorder. Breakdown in the ability to retrieve the ‘core motor programs’ for the individual phonemes or syllables for the target word or sentence. Common causes: stroke
Impacts of high level language/cognitive communication
Impacts self regulation, social interaction, activities & participation (conceptualiser)
Impacts of Aphasia
Speaking, understanding, reading or writing. Not a problem of sensation or intellect. (Semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology) (Formulator)
Impacts of Dysarthria
Speech respiration, phonation, resonance Respiratory system, articulation, prosody (Articulation)
Impacts of Dyspraxia
The planning and sequencing of muscle movements
Name 3 Embryonic stages in utero
- Pre Embryonic (conception-2w)
- Embryonic (3w-8w)
- Foetus (9w-birth)
Events in pre-embryonic stage
Fertilised egg begins cell division, moves towards uterus. Repeated cell division occurs forms blastocycst. Outer layer of blastocyst will become the foetal contribution to the placenta. The inner mass will become the embryo with 3 layers; Ectroderm, Endoderm and Mesoderm
Events in the embryonic stage
Organs are formed. Ectoderm: sensory organs, epidermis & NS. Medoderm: dermis, muscles, skeleton & excretory & circulatory systems. Endoderm: differentiates gut, liver, pancreas and respiratory system
Events in Foetal stage
NS develops more fully & myelination of neurons begins
2 phases that make NS
Neural tube formation & brain formation
Explanation of neural tube formation
Days (18-26) Neural plate forms on the surface of the embryo & extends from head to toe region, Folds eventually touch- neural tube (Day 22), Cells adjacent to the neural tube separate from the tube & the remaining ectoderm- neural crest. (Day 26)- the tube differentiates into 2 concentric rings: Mantle layer (inner wall – cell bodies that become grey matter). Marginal layer (outer wall – processes of cells that become white matter – axons & glial cells).
Where is the Ventricular system derived from
Neural tube (neural canal), filled with CSF
Neural tube defects
Birth defects of incomplete development of the neural tube
Occur between 17th day -30th day
Cerebral palsy- impairment of voluntary movement
Cellular development processes
Creation of new cells, migration, growth, extension of axons to target cells, formation of synapses & myelination of axons
Stages of brain development
- Cell birth (active prenatally)
- Cell Migration
- Cell Differentiation (0-4yr)
- Cell Maturation (dendrite & axon growth)
- Synaptogenesis
- Cell death & Synaptic pruning
- Myelination
(B M D M S DP M)
4 Phases of Locke’s Theory and ages
- Vocal learning (prenatal)
- Utterance Acquisition (5-7mo)
- Analysis and Computation (20-37mo)
- Integration and Elaboration (3+yrs)
Vocal Learning. Linguistic domain & neurocognitive mechanism
Linguistic domains: Prosody & sound segments. Neurocognitive mehacnimc: Social cognitive
Utterance acquisition Linguistic domain & neurocognitive mechanism
Linguistic domains: stereotyped utterances. Neurocognitive mehacnimc: Social cognitive
Analysis & Computation. Linguistic domain & neurocognitive mechanism
Linguistic domains: Grammatical analysis . Neurocognitive mechanisms: Morphology, Syntax & Phonology
Integration and Elaboration Linguistic domain & neurocognitive mechanism
Linguistic domains: Expanded lexicon and automated operation Neurocognitive mechanisms: Social cognition & Grammatical analysis.
