Week 3

Question 1

Causes of Brain damage and Aphasia

Answer 1

1. CVA
2. Anoxia
3. Tumor & Infection
4. Brain Injury
5. Hydrocephalus
6. Degenerative Disease: AD, PPA

Question 2

What do neurons need?

Answer 2

oxygen and glucose

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

Exchange of nutrients and waste products

Question 4

3 Structural Levels of Neuroanatomy

Answer 4

1. In neck: L/R common carotid arteries -> Internal carotid artery
2. Circle of Willis
3. ACA, PCA, MCA

Question 5

MCA

Answer 5

1. Emerges through the sylvian fissure
2. In the left hemisphere, MCA supplies key language areas

Question 6

Infarction

Answer 6

Death of Neural Tissue

Question 7

Ischemic Stroke

Answer 7

1. Most common, 87% of strokes
2. Thrombosis: accumulation of atherosclerosis pletelts and fatty plaque (stenois), blocking the artery
3. Embolism: build up of platelets and plaque break off a vessel wall and travel

Question 8

Penumbra

Answer 8

Area surrounding infarction

Question 9

Hypoperfusion

Answer 9

Reduced blood flow in penumbra, but intact tissue

Question 10

Thrombolysis

Answer 10

“clot busting”
1. Administer tPA to preserve tissue
2. 3-4.5 hour window
3. Exclusion criteria

Question 11

Diaschisis

Answer 11

• suspension of functions that depend on structures
  far from the infarct
• due to edema and hypoperfusion

Question 12

Spontaneous Reperfusion

Answer 12

early recovery in the early days

Question 13

Hemorrhage

Answer 13

Bleeding from ruptured vessels

artery bursts, more deadly

Headaches as a symptom

Question 14

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)

Answer 14

Subcortical

Question 15

Subarachnoid
hemorrhage

Answer 15

• within the
  meningeal membranes
• Often due to a
  ruptured aneurysm

Question 16

Arteriovenous malformation
(AVM)

Answer 16

-where walls of the arteries become tangled
-Congenital condition
-Rare
-May or may not cause symptoms
-Can cause hemorrhage

Question 17

Angiography

Answer 17

-Exposes arteries in head and neck
-Visual deficits
-Hemiplegia
-Use brain imaging
-Dye is injected into carotid artery

Question 18

CT (Computerized Tomography)

Answer 18

-With/without contrasts

Question 19

MRI

Answer 19

no radiation

Question 20

MRA

Answer 20

for blood vessels

Question 21

Pet scan

Answer 21

measures metabolism

Question 22

Dissociation

Answer 22

1. clear deficit in one skill while others are intact
2. Not always a clear association between lesion and language deficits

Question 23

Syndrome

Answer 23

a recurring pattern of symptoms

Question 24

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

Answer 24

*combination of TMA and TSA
* nonfluent; poor comprehension, good repetition (Similar to
global aphasia but intact repetition)
* Spoken language is often echolalia
* Repetition skills might be completely intact or mildly impaired
* Diffuse or multifocal damage in the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 25

Crossed Aphasia

Answer 25

Aphasia following Right hemisphere stroke

Question 26

Subcortial Aphasia

Answer 26

* aphasia following subcortical stroke * thalamic -> word finding deficits * vs. nonthalamic (but incl. basal ganglia) -> global, Broca’s, Wernicke’s…

Question 27

Lateralization

Answer 27

Language centers lateralized to left hemisphere mainly

Question 28

Anterior vs. Posterior (to central sulcus)

Answer 28

Non-fluent vs fluent

Question 29

Sylvian vs extrasylvian

Answer 29

near sylvian fissure vs far from

Question 30

conduction aphasia

Answer 30

Phonological working memory could impair repetition

Question 31

Therapeutic Set

Answer 31

Ability to realize why they are doing therapy -Wernicke's has poor therapeutic set

Question 32

Transcortical Aphasia and repetition

Answer 32

Good at repetition