Week 3 Flashcards
Place and manner
Place: where in the vocal tract is the consonant produced?
Manner: how is the outgoing airstream modified?
Supralaryngeal vocal tract
Nasal cavity (nose)
Oral cavity
Pharyngeal cavity
Which sounds are produced when the velum is down? And which sounds are produced when the velum is up?
Nasal sounds
Oral sounds (t f l ae)
How can the oral cavity be shaped?
- For consonants, by making contact and obstructing the outgoing air
- For vowels, by shaping the tongue body in different ways
Active articulator
The tongue is the main active articulator, the part which moves towards the passive articulator.
Passive articulator
The places where the active articulator moves toward. Examples are lips, alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth, velum, uvula.
What are the active and passive articulators for p, b and m?
Active: lower lip
Passive: upper lip
What are the active and passive articulators for f and v?
Active: lower lip
Passive: upper teeth
What are the active and passive articulators for t d s z n l?
Active: tip/blade of tongue
Passive: alveolar ridge
What are the active and passive articulators for S r 3 tS and d3?
Active: blade of tongue
Passive: post alveolar
What are the active and passive articulators for j?
Active: front of tongue
Passive: hard palate
What are the active and passive articulators for k g and ng?
Active: back of tongue
Passive: velum
What are the active and passive articulators for w?
Active: back of tongue + lips
Passive: velum
What are the active and passive articulators for h?
Active: glottis
Passive: -
How to identify manner of articulation in three different ways:
- Complete closure (blocking air completely)
- Narrow approximation (blocking air almost completely)
- Wide approximation (not making an obstruction)
Manner of articulation of stops
Stopte involve complete closure
Manner of articulation of fricatives
Fricatives involve narrow approximation.
What is another term for a stop?
Plosive.
VPM of /p/
Voiceless labial stop
VPM of /b/
Voiced labial stop
VPM of /t/
Voiceless alveolar stop
VPM of /d/
Voiced alveolar stop
VPM of /k/
Voiceless velar stop
VPM of /g/
Voiced velar stop
VPM of /f/
Voiceless labiodental fricative
VPM of /v/
Voiced labiodental fricative
VPM of /0/
Voiceless dental fricative
VPM of ò (mother)
Voiced dental fricative
VPM of /s/
Voiceless alveolar fricative
VPM of /z/
Voiced alveolar fricative
VPM of S (shin)
Voiceless postalveolar fricative
VPM of /3/
Voiced postalveolar fricative
VPM of /h/
Voiceless glottal fricative
VPM of tS
Voiceless postalveolar affricate
VPM of /d3/
Voiced postalveolar affricate
What sound do we creative when the velum is up? And what about when it is down?
Up: /g/ - voiceless velar oral stop
Down: /ng/ - voiced velar nasal stop
Manner of articulation of vowels, and of the consonants /l r j w/
Wide approximation. The active articulator approaches the passive articulator, but they remain so far apart that no friction is produced.
VPM of /l/
Voiced alveolar lateral approximant
VPM of /r/
Voiced postalveolar (central) approximant
VPM of /j/
Voiced palatal (central) approximant
VPM of /w/
Voiced labiovelar (central approximant
Four questions to ask to find VPM labels of consonants
- Voiced or voiceless?
- Where is the closure made?
- How is the closure made? (Narrow approximation)
- Is the sound oral or nasal?
We can divide consonants into obstruents and sonorants. How can we divide these again?
Divide obstruents into stops and fricatives.
Divide sonorants into nasals and approximants.
