Week 2 Flashcards
Properties of sound
- Loudness
- Pitch
- Shape of the sound wave
The larynx
Indicates voiced or voiceless sounds.
Vibrating vocal cords = voiced
Not vibrating vocal cords = voiceless sounds
What is the space between the vocal folds?
Glottis
The Bernoulli effect
When the airstream flows through the glottis, it accelerates. This causes the air pressure to drop, which in turn causes the vocal cords to close again.
What is the production of thrills?
Made by the repeated striking of one articulator against another, using aerodynamics.
[R] voiced uvulae thrill (Dutch raam)
‘Blowing a raspberry’
The linguolabial thrill occurs as a paralinguistic feature in English, where producing this sound is very rude.
What is the position of the vocal cords when voiceless sounds are made?
The vocal cords are wide open/apart*, allowing air to escape unhindered.
- Open glottis.
How does a glottal closure occur?
When the vocal cords are pressed tightly together, no air can pass through and air pressure builds up behind the closure. When the speaker releases the glottal closure, the result is a consonant sound, the glottal stop.
Glottal stop IPA, and what are example in Dutch?
[?]
[?]aardappelen
[?]altijd
What are the two functions of vocal cord vibration?
-
Pitch differences
These result from how fast the vocal cords are vibrating. -
Voicing contrasts
Two sounds may differ from each other: /p/ and /b/
Fundamental frequency (or F0, or F-zero)
The rate of vibration of the vocal cords. The higher the F0, the faster the vocal cords are vibrating.
How is a high F0 produced?
By stretching the vocal cords, making them longer and tense.
How is a low F0 produced?
By making the vocal cords shorter and slack.
Declarative, interrogative, declarative question (pitch contour)
Declarative = The students passed the test
Interrogative = Did the students pass the test?
Declarative question = The students passed the test?
Name the voicing contrasts (pairs)
p and b
t and d
k and g
f and v
s and z
0 and ò (mother)
S and 3
tS and d3
