Week 3

Question 1

A-B-A-B Design

Answer 1

• Baseline and treatment phases are implemented twice

Question 2

Multiple Base Design

Answer 2

1. Multiple Baseline Across Subjects Design
2. Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors Design
3. Multiple Baseline Across Settings design

Question 3

Multiple Baseline Across Subjects Design

Answer 3

Same target behavior but with 2 or more subjects are observed

Question 4

Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors Design

Answer 4

2+ or more behaviors but with same subject are observed

Question 5

Multiple Baseline Across Settigns Design

Answer 5

2+ or more settings but with same subject as well as same behavior are observed

Question 6

Alternating Treatments Design

Answer 6

Baseline and two treatments conditions which are then conducted in rapid succession. You then see which intervention/treatment was the most effective

Question 7

Changing Criterion Design

[Think of it as Successive Goals]

Answer 7

• Includes a baseline and treatment phase
• Successive goals are identified during the treatment phase
• Success is determined by whether the subject is able to change behavior to meet the goal

Ex: Subject has until next week Thursday to play with friends. Subject is able to change his bad attitude into a good one and was able to gain a friend thus being successful

Question 8

Evaluation of Design

Answer 8

1. Evaluate The Design

If it:

meets design standards or meets with reservations

Then:

Evaluate the evidence

If it:

Has strong evidence or moderate evidence

Then:

Evaluate the effect size estimation though social validity assessment

Question 9

Evidence Standard (Strong)

Answer 9

Strong:

If your baseline has:

• Documentation of research question “problem”
• Documentation of predictable pattern (≥ 5 data points)

In Each Phase of the Analysis

• Documentation of predictable pattern (≥ 5 data points)

Basic Effects

• Documentation of predicted change in the DV when the IV is manipulated

Experimental Control

• Three demonstrations of basic effect, each at a different point in time
• No demonstrations of intervention failure

Basic Effects

• If you have documentation of the predicted change in the DV when the IV is manipulated

Experimental Control

• Three demonstrations of basic effect, each at a different point in time
• No demonstrations of intervention failure

Question 10

Evidence Standard (Moderate)

Answer 10

• All of “Strong” criteria, with these exceptions:
• If you only have 3-4 data points per phase
• If you have three demonstrations of effect but in additional demonstrations you fail to-document an effect

Question 11

Evidence Standard (No Evidence)

Answer 11

• Misnomer
• Evidence does not meet moderate level

Question 12

Visual Analysis within Single-case design

Answer 12

Documenting Experimental Control

• Three demonstrations of basic effect at three different points in time

To assess basic effect

Visual Analysis include simultaneous assessment of:

• Level, Trend, Variability, Immediacy of Effect, Overlap across adjacent planes, Consistency of data patterns in similar phases

Question 13

Visual Analysis of Single Case Designs

Answer 13

Baseline

• Document the “problem” requiring intervention
• Typically ≥ 5 data points
• Documentation of a pattern of responding that allows prediction into the future

Each Phase

• Documentation of a clear pattern of responding
• Typically ≥ 5 data points

Adjacent Phases

• Do data document a “basic effect”

Whole Study

• Do the phases document experimental control (e.g. at least three demonstrations of a basic effect, each at a different point in time (at least 3)

Question 14

Assessing within phase “pattern” and Between phase “basic effect”

Answer 14

Within Phase “pattern”:
- Level
- Trend
- Variability

Between Phase “basic effect”
- Level
- Trend
- Variability
- Overlap
- Immediacy of Effect
- Consistency across similar phases
- Other: vertical analysis; intercept gap

Question 15

Basic Effect

Answer 15

A predicted change in the dependent variable when the independent variable is actively manipulated

Question 16

Level

Answer 16

• The mean of the data within a phase
• Also can be used to assess the level of the last 3-5 data points within a phase

Question 17

Trend

Answer 17

The slope of the best-fit straight line describing data within a phase

Question 18

Variability

Answer 18

The level deviation of data around the slope of the vest fit straight line (range, standard deviation)

Question 19

Overlap

Answer 19

The percentage of data from one phase (typically the intervention phase) that overlaps with the range of data from the previous phase (typically the baseline phase)

Question 20

Immediacy of Effect

Answer 20

The magnitude of change (in level, trend or variability) between the last 3-5 data points in one phase and the first 3-5 data points in the next phase

Question 21

Consistency of Data Pattern in Similar Phases

Answer 21

The extent to which phases with similar conditions are associated with data with similar data patterns

Question 22

Assessing change in Variability

Answer 22

• The greater the variability the more data points are needed within a phase to document a predictable pattern
• Within phase shift in variability requires more data points to establish a stable pattern
• Outliers require more data points within a phase, and a phase should not end with an outlier

Question 23

Assessing Overlap

Answer 23

Overlap (using range) becomes less relevant with increased trend

• Instead use overlap projected by confidence intervals around best fit straight line

Question 24

Immediacy of Effect 2

Answer 24

Variability at end of first phase and beginning of second phase reduce the impact of “immediacy of effect”

Question 25

Visual Analysis: The core discriminations once the design is selected as meetings standards

Answer 25

• Is the baseline adequate?
• Are there sufficient data within a phase to document a “pattern”?
• Is there a “basic effect” between two phases?
• Is there a functional relationship documented by the full data set within a study?

Question 26

Reversal/Withdrawal Designs

Answer 26

1. Change in Level
2. Change in Trend
3. Change in Variability
4. Immediacy of Effect
   5, Overlap
5. Consistency of Data Patterns across similar phases