Ch 4

Question 1

Reinforcement

Answer 1

The occurrence of a behavior is followed immediately by a consequence that results in the strengthening of that behavior

• Increases in frequency, duration, intensity, or speed (less delay)
• Defined by the effect it has on behavior (strengthens behavior)

Question 2

Operant Behavior

Answer 2

A behavior that is strengthened through reinforcement

Question 3

Reinforcer

Answer 3

The consequence that strengthens that behavior

Question 4

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 4

Behavior -> Addition (+) of stimulus (reinforcer) = increase of behavior

Question 5

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 5

Behavior -> Removal (-) of a stimulus (aversive stimulus) = Increase in behavior

• Negative reinforcement is not punishment

Question 6

Stimulus

Answer 6

The object/event that can be detected by the senses & has the potential to influence a person

Question 7

Determination of positive or negative reinforcement

Answer 7

• What is the behavior?
• What happened immediately after the behavior? (Was a stimulus added or removed?)
• ## What happened to the behavior in the future (is the behavior more likely to occur?

Question 8

Social reinforcement

Answer 8

Behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person

Question 9

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 9

Behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment

Question 10

Escape behavior

Answer 10

Behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimuli

Question 11

Avoidance

Answer 11

Behavior results in the prevention of an aversive stimuli

Question 12

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Answer 12

Natural reinforcers that require no learning/ prior experience

• Primary reinforcers

Question 13

Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 13

A stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer

• Secondary reinforcer
• Tokens (what they are exchanged for)
• Generalized conditioned reinforcer - CR that is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers (money)

Question 14

Immediacy

Answer 14

Reinforcement should be provided immediately after the behavior

Question 15

Contingency

Answer 15

Consistency in the behavior being followed by the consequence

Question 16

Motivating Operations

Answer 16

• Establishing Operations
• Abolishing Operations

Question 17

Establishing Operations

Answer 17

Reinforcer is more potent

Deprivation - Increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers & some conditioned reinforcers

Question 18

Abolishing Operations

Answer 18

Reinforcer becomes less potent

Satiation - When a person has recently consumed/been exposed to a large amount of a reinforcer

Question 19

Individual Difference

Answer 19

The likelihood a reinforcer to work varies from person to person

Question 20

Magnitude

Answer 20

The intensity/Amount of a stimulus is a more effective reinforcer

Question 21

Extinction

Answer 21

A behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer results in reinforcement, and the behavior that stops occurring in the future

Question 22

Extinction Burst

Answer 22

• Increase, frequency, duration, or intensity of the unreinforced behavior during the extinction process
• Novel behaviors may occur
• Emotional responses or aggressive behavior may occur

Question 23

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 23

Behavior may occur again even after it has not occurred for some time

• Tendency for behavior to occur again in situations similar to those in which it occurred

Question 24

Factors that influence extinction

Answer 24

Behavior that was continuously reinforced - decreases rapidly during extinction

Behavior was intermittently reinforced - more resistant to extinction (gradual reduction)

If reinforcement occurs during extinction procedures it takes longer to extinguish behavior