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ABA Psych 420 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Control

A

Highest level of scientific understanding

Necessary for changing behavior

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2
Q

Attitudes

A

All scientists share a fundamental assumption about the nature of events.

General notions about basic strategy and perspectives on how to view their findings

Guide the work of all scientific understandings

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3
Q

Determinism

A

Assumption upon which science is predicted

Presumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomenal occur as the result of other events

Events do not occur at will

Happen in a systematic way

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4
Q

Empriticism

A

Assumption which all scientific knowledge is built upon

Practice of objective observation of phenomena of interest

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5
Q

Experimentaion

A

The basic strategy of most sciences
An experiment is a:
Carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest

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6
Q

Replication

A

The results of one individual study are never sufficient to earn an accepted place among the scientific knowledge base of any field

Includes:

The repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings
The repetition of independent variable conditions within experiments

Provides an opportunity for mistakes to be uncovered

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7
Q

Parsimony

A

Parsimony is the idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Given a choice between two competing and compelling explanations for the same phenomenon, one should choose the simplest explanation, the one that requires the fewest assumptions

Occam’s Razor

Help scientists fit findings within the field’s existing knowledge base

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8
Q

Philosophic Doubt

A

The contiguous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge

Involves the use of scientific evidence before implementing a new practice, then constantly monitoring the effectiveness of the practice after its implementation

Important to be skeptical of claims and theories, therapies, and treatments

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9
Q

Science

A

A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena

As evidenced by description, prediction, and control

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10
Q

Behavior Analysis

A

Behaviorism- The philosophy of the science of behavior

Experimental Analyses of Behavior (EAB)

Applied Behavior Analysis

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11
Q

Development of ABA

A

Dominated by consciousness, images and other mental processes in the 1900s

John B. Watson moved the field to a new direction

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12
Q

Beginning of ABA

A

BF Skinner Experimental Brach of Behavior Analysis

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13
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Reflexive Behavior
Ivan pavlov (1927)

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14
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Shaped through the consequences that immediately follow it

S-R-S Model
ABC

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15
Q

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

A

Named as a new science by BF Skinner

Assesses the rate at which a single subject emitted a given behavior in a controlled and standardized experimental chamber

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16
Q

BF Skinner

A

Discovered and verified the basic principles of operant behavior

Guided the practice and proposed the application of principles of behavior to new areas

Became known as radical behaviorism

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17
Q

Radial Behaviorism

A

Attempts to explain all behavior

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18
Q

Methodological behaviorism and Structuralists

A

Philosophical positions that considers behavioral events cannot be publicly observed the be outside the realm of science

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19
Q

Mentalism

A

Approach to understand behavior that a mental or inner dimensions sists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause of at least mediate some forms of behavior

relies on hypothetical constructs and explanatory fictions

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20
Q

Hypothetical Constructs

A

Presumed but unobserved entities that could not be manipulated in an experiment

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21
Q

Explanatory Fiction

A

A fictitious variable that often is simply another name for the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding for the variables responsible for developing (or maintaining) the behavior
Circular view of cause and effect

22
Q

Structuralism

A

Rejects all events that re not operationally defined by objective assessment
Resitrct activities to descritptions of behavior

Make no scientific manipulations:do not address causal questions

23
Q

Methodological Behaviorists

A

Use scientific manipuation

24
Q

Methodological Behaviorism

A

Rejecys all events that are not operationally defined by onjective assessment

Deny existence of “inner variables” or consider them outside the realm of scientific account

Acknowledge the exisistence of mental events bt do not consider them in the analysis of behavior

Use scientific manipuations to search for functional relationships between events

REsteictive view sicne if ignaoees major areas

25
Q

BF Skinner

A

Did not object to cogntigive pscyhology’s concern with thoughts and feelings

Referred to these as “private events”

26
Q

Skinner’s Behaviorsm

A

Makes the assumptions

Private events such as thoughts and feelings are behavior

Behavior that takes place withing the skin is distinguished for other public behavior only by its inaccessibility

Private behavior as no special properties and is influenced by the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior

27
Q

Fuller (1949)

A

First studiies to report the human application of operant behavior

Participant: 18-year old boy wiht profound intellectual disability

Arm-raising response was conditioned by injecting a small amount of a warm sugar-milk solution into participant’s mouth every time he moved his right arm

28
Q

Ayllon & Mciahel (1959)

A

“The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer”

Formed the basisi for brach of behavior anaylsis that would later be valled applied behavior anaylsis

29
Q

1960’s

A

Apllied principles behavior th impove socially important behavior

Technqieus measured behavior, controlled, and manipulated variables were sometimes unavalable, or inappropriate

Little funding was available

No ready outlet for publishing studies

Difficult to communicate findings

30
Q

Continued

A

Many applications of behavior principles were made

Principles to education is a major area of impact

Provided the foundation of instructional methods, behavioral approaches to curriculum design, and classroom management, and generalization and maintenance of learning

31
Q

1960’s and 70’s

A

New univeristy programs being developed for ABA

Teaching and research being conducted in the field

1968- formal beginning for the field of ABA. Journas start to become published

32
Q

Some Current Dimensions of ABA

A

Baer, Wolf, and Risley
Founding fathers of ABA

Defined the criteria for judging adequacy of research and practice in ABA

Most widely cited publication in ABA

Remains standard description of the discipline

33
Q

Defining Characterstics of ABA

A

Like 7 or something

34
Q

Applied

A

Investiages socially significant behaviors wit immediate importance to the participants

Examples include:
Social
Language
Academic
Daily living
Self-care
Vocational
Recreational

35
Q

Behavioral

A

Precise measurement of the actual behabior in need of omporvement and documents that it was the participants’s behavior that changed

36
Q

Analystic

A

Demonstrates experimental control over thee occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior ( a functional relation is demonstrated)

Functional and replicable relationships

37
Q

Technological

A

Wirrten desicption of al preocedues in the study is sufficiently completet and detailed to oenable others to replicate it

All operative proceudures are identified and descried in detail and calrity

Replicable technololgy

38
Q

Conceptually systematic

A

Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior

Better enable research consumer to derive other similar procedures from the same principles

Assist in integrating discipline into a system instead of a “collection of tricks”

39
Q

Effective

A

Improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the participants

Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significance

Extent to which changes in the target behaviors result in noticeable changes

40
Q

Generality

A

Produces behavior changes that last over time

Appear in other environments (other than the one in which intervention was implemented)

Or spread to other behaviors (those not directly treated by the intervention)

41
Q

Accountable

A

Created by the focus on Accessible environmental variables that reliably influence behavior

Reliance in direct and frequent measurement to detect changes in behavior

42
Q

Public

A

Visible, explicit, and straightforward

Of value across a very broad spectrum of fields

43
Q

Doable

A

Not prohibitively complicated or difficult

Variety of individuals are able to implement principles and interventions

Does involved more that learning to do some procedures

44
Q

Empowering

A

Provides practitioners with real tools that work

Raises confidence

Increases confidence for future challenges

45
Q

Optimisitc

A

Possiblities for each individual

Detect small improvements

Postivibe outcomes yield a more opitmistid attudude about futre successes

46
Q

ABA

A

A scentific approach ti omporivign sociallu signfifiant behavior

I

47
Q

Six Key Components

A

Guided by attidues of methods of scientfic inquiery

48
Q

Four Domains

A

Behaviorsim
Experimetnal Anaylsis of Behavior
Professional Practice

49
Q

Behaviorms

A

Theroreical & Philsopical issues

50
Q

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

A
51
Q

Applied behavior analysis

A
52
Q

Professional practice

A

ABA Psych 420 (11 decks)

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