Ch 1

Question 1

Control

Answer 1

Highest level of scientific understanding

Necessary for changing behavior

Question 2

Attitudes

Answer 2

All scientists share a fundamental assumption about the nature of events.

General notions about basic strategy and perspectives on how to view their findings

Guide the work of all scientific understandings

Question 3

Determinism

Answer 3

Assumption upon which science is predicted

Presumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomenal occur as the result of other events

Events do not occur at will

Happen in a systematic way

Question 4

Empriticism

Answer 4

Assumption which all scientific knowledge is built upon

Practice of objective observation of phenomena of interest

Question 5

Experimentaion

Answer 5

The basic strategy of most sciences
An experiment is a:
Carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest

Question 6

Replication

Answer 6

The results of one individual study are never sufficient to earn an accepted place among the scientific knowledge base of any field

Includes:

The repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings
The repetition of independent variable conditions within experiments

Provides an opportunity for mistakes to be uncovered

Question 7

Parsimony

Answer 7

Parsimony is the idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Given a choice between two competing and compelling explanations for the same phenomenon, one should choose the simplest explanation, the one that requires the fewest assumptions

Occam’s Razor

Help scientists fit findings within the field’s existing knowledge base

Question 8

Philosophic Doubt

Answer 8

The contiguous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge

Involves the use of scientific evidence before implementing a new practice, then constantly monitoring the effectiveness of the practice after its implementation

Important to be skeptical of claims and theories, therapies, and treatments

Question 9

Science

Answer 9

A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena

As evidenced by description, prediction, and control

Question 10

Behavior Analysis

Answer 10

Behaviorism- The philosophy of the science of behavior

Experimental Analyses of Behavior (EAB)

Applied Behavior Analysis

Question 11

Development of ABA

Answer 11

Dominated by consciousness, images and other mental processes in the 1900s

John B. Watson moved the field to a new direction

Question 12

Beginning of ABA

Answer 12

BF Skinner Experimental Brach of Behavior Analysis

Question 13

Respondent Behavior

Answer 13

Reflexive Behavior
Ivan pavlov (1927)

Question 14

Operant Behavior

Answer 14

Shaped through the consequences that immediately follow it

S-R-S Model
ABC

Question 15

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

Answer 15

Named as a new science by BF Skinner

Assesses the rate at which a single subject emitted a given behavior in a controlled and standardized experimental chamber

Question 16

BF Skinner

Answer 16

Discovered and verified the basic principles of operant behavior

Guided the practice and proposed the application of principles of behavior to new areas

Became known as radical behaviorism

Question 17

Radial Behaviorism

Answer 17

Attempts to explain all behavior

Question 18

Methodological behaviorism and Structuralists

Answer 18

Philosophical positions that considers behavioral events cannot be publicly observed the be outside the realm of science

Question 19

Mentalism

Answer 19

Approach to understand behavior that a mental or inner dimensions sists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause of at least mediate some forms of behavior

relies on hypothetical constructs and explanatory fictions

Question 20

Hypothetical Constructs

Answer 20

Presumed but unobserved entities that could not be manipulated in an experiment

Question 21

Explanatory Fiction

Answer 21

A fictitious variable that often is simply another name for the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding for the variables responsible for developing (or maintaining) the behavior
Circular view of cause and effect

Question 22

Structuralism

Answer 22

Rejects all events that re not operationally defined by objective assessment
Resitrct activities to descritptions of behavior

Make no scientific manipulations:do not address causal questions

Question 23

Methodological Behaviorists

Answer 23

Use scientific manipuation

Question 24

Methodological Behaviorism

Answer 24

Rejecys all events that are not operationally defined by onjective assessment

Deny existence of “inner variables” or consider them outside the realm of scientific account

Acknowledge the exisistence of mental events bt do not consider them in the analysis of behavior

Use scientific manipuations to search for functional relationships between events

REsteictive view sicne if ignaoees major areas

Question 25

BF Skinner

Answer 25

Did not object to cogntigive pscyhology's concern with thoughts and feelings Referred to these as "private events"

Question 26

Skinner's Behaviorsm

Answer 26

Makes the assumptions Private events such as thoughts and feelings are behavior Behavior that takes place withing the skin is distinguished for other public behavior only by its inaccessibility Private behavior as no special properties and is influenced by the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior

Question 27

Fuller (1949)

Answer 27

First studiies to report the human application of operant behavior Participant: 18-year old boy wiht profound intellectual disability Arm-raising response was conditioned by injecting a small amount of a warm sugar-milk solution into participant's mouth every time he moved his right arm

Question 28

Ayllon & Mciahel (1959)

Answer 28

"The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer" Formed the basisi for brach of behavior anaylsis that would later be valled applied behavior anaylsis

Question 29

1960's

Answer 29

Apllied principles behavior th impove socially important behavior Technqieus measured behavior, controlled, and manipulated variables were sometimes unavalable, or inappropriate Little funding was available No ready outlet for publishing studies Difficult to communicate findings

Question 30

Continued

Answer 30

Many applications of behavior principles were made Principles to education is a major area of impact Provided the foundation of instructional methods, behavioral approaches to curriculum design, and classroom management, and generalization and maintenance of learning

Question 31

1960's and 70's

Answer 31

New univeristy programs being developed for ABA Teaching and research being conducted in the field 1968- formal beginning for the field of ABA. Journas start to become published

Question 32

Some Current Dimensions of ABA

Answer 32

Baer, Wolf, and Risley Founding fathers of ABA Defined the criteria for judging adequacy of research and practice in ABA Most widely cited publication in ABA Remains standard description of the discipline

Question 33

Defining Characterstics of ABA

Answer 33

Like 7 or something

Question 34

Applied

Answer 34

Investiages socially significant behaviors wit immediate importance to the participants Examples include: Social Language Academic Daily living Self-care Vocational Recreational

Question 35

Behavioral

Answer 35

Precise measurement of the actual behabior in need of omporvement and documents that it was the participants's behavior that changed

Question 36

Analystic

Answer 36

Demonstrates experimental control over thee occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior ( a functional relation is demonstrated) Functional and replicable relationships

Question 37

Technological

Answer 37

Wirrten desicption of al preocedues in the study is sufficiently completet and detailed to oenable others to replicate it All operative proceudures are identified and descried in detail and calrity Replicable technololgy

Question 38

Conceptually systematic

Answer 38

Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior Better enable research consumer to derive other similar procedures from the same principles Assist in integrating discipline into a system instead of a "collection of tricks"

Question 39

Effective

Answer 39

Improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the participants Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significance Extent to which changes in the target behaviors result in noticeable changes

Question 40

Generality

Answer 40

Produces behavior changes that last over time Appear in other environments (other than the one in which intervention was implemented) Or spread to other behaviors (those not directly treated by the intervention)

Question 41

Accountable

Answer 41

Created by the focus on Accessible environmental variables that reliably influence behavior Reliance in direct and frequent measurement to detect changes in behavior

Question 42

Public

Answer 42

Visible, explicit, and straightforward Of value across a very broad spectrum of fields

Question 43

Doable

Answer 43

Not prohibitively complicated or difficult Variety of individuals are able to implement principles and interventions Does involved more that learning to do some procedures

Question 44

Empowering

Answer 44

Provides practitioners with real tools that work Raises confidence Increases confidence for future challenges

Question 45

Optimisitc

Answer 45

Possiblities for each individual Detect small improvements Postivibe outcomes yield a more opitmistid attudude about futre successes

Question 46

ABA

Answer 46

A scentific approach ti omporivign sociallu signfifiant behavior I

Question 47

Six Key Components

Answer 47

Guided by attidues of methods of scientfic inquiery

Question 48

Four Domains

Answer 48

Behaviorsim Experimetnal Anaylsis of Behavior Professional Practice

Question 49

Behaviorms

Answer 49

Theroreical & Philsopical issues

Question 50

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Question 51

Applied behavior analysis

Question 52

Professional practice