week 3 Flashcards
osmosis
movement of a solvent (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
solution
a liquid (solvent) and its dissolved solutes
solute
a substance that is dissolved in a liquid (solvent)
solvent
a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve one or more solutes
diffusion
random movement of molecules of a substance from an area of high concentration of the substajnce to an area of low concentration of a substance. Process by which gases are exchanged
selectively permeable
allows pasage of molecules and inhibits others
isotonic
solute concentrations are the same inside and outside of the cell; therefore there is an equal movement of water into and out of the cell
hypertonic
hyper= above. higher solute concentration than their environment
hypotonic
hypo= below. the concentration of solutes is higher within the cell,
concentration
turgor pressure
plasmolysis
Plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall
binary fission
the way prokaryotes divide
chromosomes
DNA
chromatin
combination of DNA and associated proteins
genes
replicated chromosomes
sister chromatids
two identical halves of a replicated chromosomes
centromere
mitosis
division of the nucleus, resulting in the formation of two genetically identical daughter nuclei
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm between two resulting daughter cells
cell cycle
interphase
longest phase of cell cycle, where cell gros and synthesizes new organelles and proteins
G1,G2,S
S stage each chromosome produces an exact copy of itself forming a replicated chromosome
prophase
- replicating chromosomes condense and become visible under the microscope
- spindle microtubules begin to form abd migrate to opposite ends of the cell
pro metaphase
- nuclear envelope breaks down
- spindle microtubules grow and attach to the centromere regions of the replicated chromosomes
metaphase
- spindle apparatus is completely formed
- replicated chromosomes are lined along the midregion of the cell also called the metaphase plate
anaphase
- centromeres of each replicated chromosome separate
- single chromosomes are pulled by their centromeres to opposite poles
telophase
- single chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to uncoil
- nuclear envelope begins to form around each group of chromosomes
- cytokinesis begins
cleavage furrow
forms during cytokinesis and it is a furrow forming between two nuclei and pinches the cell into two daughter cells
cell plate
cytokinesis begins and cell plate fromed between two nuclei and grows outward until it forms a complete cell wall that seperates the tw daughter cells
spindle microtubules
blastodisc
multicellular embryonic stage
unicellular
divides by mitosis but instead of separating the daughter cells stay together (one cell for all functioning)
colony
composed of individual cells or organisms that adhere to each other and may communicate with each other
multicellular
are single organisms that have specialized cells that perform different functions
gelatinous matrix
holds individual cells together as a colony
pyrenoid
is contained within the chloroplast and is responsible for the synthesis of starch from the sugars produced by photosynthesis
eyespot
orients alga towards light
cytoplasmic bridge
the way adjacent cells communicate with each other
daughter organism
